Impact of Exchange Rates on Stock Market: Evidence from Pakistan

Impact of r altogetherying Rates on derivation Market Evidence from PakistanTo sidereal day in the present field remote currency is a key comp wizardnt or tool for contrastive kinds of businesses, and umteen countries in the world did businesses in foreign currencies like in Dollars, Euros etc. on the other hand movement in the declivity merchandise indicator is a key indicator for the financial performance of a country. hold trade may have bullish or be atomic number 18r trend which reflect its relative strength in specific finish. It also shows the investor advancency and sen judgment of convictionnts toward marts.The establishment of the race among the store market and foreign rally runs is main(prenominal) for few reasons. Initially, it sight affect decisions or so m hotshottary policy and tax. Gavin (1989) fail that financial market has a large come to on the aggregate demand. The policy irritater should be aw ar ab erupt the relationship regarding stoc k market and demand. Secondly, the relation mingled with the aggregate demand and stock markets may be apply to forecast the direction of the ex turn pasture. It will be useful for multinational firms to actively manage their exposure associated to foreign contracts and exchange stray. Thirdly, currency is treated as a commodity or an asset in portfolio of investment funds. So the aw argonness ab bulge the relationship among currency and other assets in the portfolio of investment funds is important.This is none the first feelledge to look at the exchange set come out and equity markets in the world as hearty as in Pakistan. Like Aquino analyzed the foreign exchange exposure countenance by Filipino companies around the Asian financial crisis. It was concluded that stock returns were non statistically significantly affected by the instability in foreign exchange. But later on the crises, thither was a significant impact of the fluctuations in exchange judge on the sto ck returns (Aquino 2005, 2006).Yau and Nieh check up ond the relationship amid Taiwan dollar/Japanese hurt and the stock prices for the period from 1991 to 2005. They found that among the exchange rate and the stock prices of both countries there was no long-term relationship. But this linkage exists however to shorten the period (Yau and Nieh 2006).But the present study is exceptional in the sense that it uses the most recent information of the exchange rate and stock market which may stomach latest linkage to the investors and other policy pr all overs in Pakistan.There are three stock exchanges known as Karachi Stock turn (KSE), Lahore Stock alternate (LSE) and Islamabad Stock Exchange (ISE) currently operating in Pakistan. Among these Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) is considered as major and the well known stock market of Pakistan. It is regarded as a representative of all three stock exchanges of Pakistan. Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) formed on September 18, 1947. It be gan its operation with tail fin companies that have paid a capital of Rs.37 millions of dollars. The first index was the 50 index of trade and was done through open-out-cry system. But now KSE has 662 listed companies and considers a master(prenominal) frugal and business hub of Pakistan. The cursory KSE-100 Index published by the Karachi stock exchange is announced at 310 pm. Therefore KSE-100 index can be used as performance indicators of the stock market in Pakistan. KSE played an important role in the economy of Pakistan in different problems like political, social, financial and other issues (Karachi Stock Exchange, 2011).To identify the linkage of foreign exchange rate with equity market is significant because of above reasons. So in this study the questioner tries to identify this relationship by utilise various statistical techniques.Rationale of the studyThe currencymarket may be linked withequity marketin many different ways. It can be seen that if there is an upward trend in the stock market, then(prenominal) there will be a large influx of foreign capital in the country due to international investors. This influx of foreign money would be a key indicatorfor the masturbate aroundment of economic position of any country. The adversary also sustains that if there is a long downtrend visible on the stock market, foreign investors, the most likely rush to cheat their treats that would have a substantial impact on the stock market of a country. This reasoning can be applied to all currencies and stock markets in the whole world (Kathy Lien, 2009).The basic idea behind this study is to provide a clue to the stock brokers, managers, planners, policy makers and regulatory authorities that they actively share information about the change in macroeconomic variables. AND also provide considerable information essential for them, which may be used for future decisions about stocks and stock markets of Pakistan especially about KSE noting the movement o f the exchange rate in Pakistan. This investigation is also useful for executives, managers, responsible for the decisions, detectives and learners who are not familiar with the exchange rate and securities markets in Pakistan.Problem identificationDue to globalization and technological innovations any one can access the foreign markets. The business in foreign countries needed to intact with change in exchange rate dynamics. Since, the exchange rate can be defined as the price of currency of one country expressed in the currency of some other(prenominal) country. So the change in the exchange rate might have many impact on the macroeconomic variables of any country. The stock market of Pakistan may be influenced due to change in exchange rate. So to identify this impact of exchange rate on the stock market is a matter which requires intentions.Problem StatementThe of import centering of this study is to know that, how exchange rate affects the equity market of Pakistan? It fu rther explores the direction (positive or negative) and strength of relationship among exchange rate and stock market in Pakistan. For this purpose researcher links the exchange rate with equity market of Pakistan to see a clear picture about them as they influence several other variables.Research QuestionWhat is the possible impact of exchange rate fluctuation on the equity market of Pakistan?ObjectiveThis study aims to poll the effect of exchange rate on the Karachi stock exchange. The objectives of the study are.To analyzes the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity market of Pakistan..To determines whether the impact is statistically significant or not.ResourcesResources include financial info of KSE, articles, books, sores composing and internet. The info will be collected from yahoo finance and the web invest of Karachi Stock Exchange.Scope of the researchIt is believe that the financial position of an economy is vulnerable to the foreign exchange rate. So it is ve ry(prenominal) crucial to explore the linkage between the exchange rate and equity market. The present study is an effort to investigate this important aspect and it tries to analyze the impact of exchange rate on the equity market of Pakistan.LITERATURE REVIEWIn the following section, there are some studies associated to this area of study that has been investigated earlier by other researchers.Hussain et al. examined the Impact of Macroeconomics Variables on Stock market by victimisation the periodical data of some macroeconomic variables such as foreign exchange rate, broad money M2, whole sale price (WSP) index, industrial production index (IPI), gross stubborn capital formation and foreign exchange reserve. The period of magazine to study was started from 1986 to 2008. The result showed that, after the reform in 1991, the pressure of the exchange rates and reserves effects significantly to the equity market, while the variables as IIP, and GFCF had no significant effect on t he stock prices. In addition, concluded that internal factors of the companies such as increasing the production and capital formation had no significant effect while external factors such as the exchange rate and reserves significantly affected the stock prices. (Hussain et al. 2009).Nishat and Shaheen analyzed long-term relationships among set of macroeconomic variables and the equity market of Paksitan. The macroeconomic variables that were used in their study includes industrial production index (IPI), the consumer price index (CPI), M1 and the value of an investment earning the money market rate. Vector error correction model was used to investigate the relationship from 1973 to 2004. It can be revealed that there is a thoroughgoing connection between the equity market and the economy and showed that industrialized creation was the major positive determinant of Pakistani stock prices. On the other hand, inflation was the major negative determinant of equity prices in Pakistan. It was established that the macroeconomic variable granger caused stock movements in prices, the flex causality was observed in the variable in industrial production and the stock prices. In addition, argued that statistically significant durations between fluctuations in the bag and changes in the real economy were comparatively short. Additionally, it was further argued that statistically significant lag lengths between fluctuations in the stock market and changes in the real economy were relatively short (Nishat Shaheen, 2004).Bhattacharya et al. analyzed a case study to explore the linkage between stock market and macroeconomic variables such as Exchange Rate, strange Exchange Reserves and Value of Trade Balance. They used method of non-causation that was considered by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) for the period from 1990 to 2001. Proxy used in the investigation of stock market was Indian, the Bombay bare-assed Index (BSI). The three major macroeconomic variables incorporated i n the investigation was effective exchange rate, the foreign exchange reserves and the balance of trade. The study revealed the beautiful resulted in the structure of the stock market Indian, mainly as regards the exchange rate, the foreign exchange reserves and the balance of trade. It is suggested that there is no relation between cost and equity the three macroeconomic variables studied ( Bhattacharya Mukherjee, 2001).Dimitrova examined the association between stock prices and the exchange rates using multivariate model. He focused on the stock markets in America (USA) and the get together Kingdom (UK) during the period 1990-2004. The result of the study shows that there was a relationship between the exchange rate and the stock market. The examiner stressed that there was a positive correlation when the price of actions were the main variable and be expected negative when exchange rates were the main variable. (Dimitrova, 2005).Sohail et al. conducted a study on Lahore stock exchange (LSE), the objective of that study was to observed the long-term, as well as the short-term associations between Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE) and some important variables. Using the monthly data for the variables from 2002 to 2008, it was found that there was a negative impact of the consumer price index (CPI) on the stock market returns in Pakistan while industrial production index (IPI), real effective exchange rate, the money supply had an important positive long-term effect on stock returns to Pakistan(Sohail Hussain, 2009).Robert Gay investigated time series relationship between stock exchange index and some of the macroeconomic variables of the price of oil and the type of change in China, India, Russia and Brazil, using the Box-Jenkins auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. It came to the conclusion of his study in which there was no significant association between exchange rate and the price of oil on the index of the stock market of these countrie s. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between past and present yields of the stock markets in these countries (Gay, 2008).METHODSampleSince there are 660 listed companies in Karachi stock exchange of Pakistan on November 7, 2010. This research uses KSE-100 Index as a benchmark to palpate out the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity market of Pakistan.Instrument and MeasuresThis research will be based on secondary sources, olibanum no questionnaire will be distri scarcelyed. The study uses the financial data of last 6 years of Karachi stock exchange (one of the major stock exchange in Pakistan) and exchange rate. This study will investigates the impact of foreign exchange rate on equity market in Pakistan.This study uses KSE-100 index as a proxy of equity market of Pakistan and uses exchange rate between dollar and rupees to analyze the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity markets of Pakistan. So, this research treats KSE-100 index as the dependant va riable and exchange rate as independent variables.ProcedureThe following statistical tools will be used to examine the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on equity market of Pakistan.Descriptive statisticsCorrelation matrixRegression analysisDescriptive statistics illustrate the main features of a collection of data quantitatively. It may include mean, median, mode, standard deviation, maximum and minimum. Correlation model will be tested to observe the linkage between the exchange rate and equity market of Pakistan. It will also enlighten about the direction and strength of relationship between the variables. Further to find out the impact of exchange rate on stock market of Pakistan, the study will performed the regression analysis.The data of Karachi stock exchange will be compared with the data of exchange rate of Pakistan. Statistical tools including timeline graphs and others will be constructed and made use of to determine the respective effects and a comparison between exch ange rate and equity market.Research papers of various authors related to the study will be studied and judge against with the results of this particular research.REFRENCESBhattacharya, B., Mukherjee, J. (2001). Causal Relationship Between Stock Market And Exchange Rate, Foreign Exchange Reserves and Value Of Trade Balance A Case Study For India.Website http//mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7297/Cruz, M., Walters, B. (June 2008). Is the Accumulation of International Reserves great for Development.Cambridge Journal of Economics.website http//cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/32Dimitrova, D. (August 2005). The Relationship between Exchange Rates and Stock Prices Studied in Multivariate Model.Issues in Political Economy, 14. Website http//org.elon.edu/ipe/DimitrovaElizabeth. (2006).the oxford vocabulary of Phrase and Fable.Retrieved February 10, 2010, from Encyclopedia. website http//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214Encyclopedia. (2009).The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from Encyclopedia.websitehttp//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999Gay, R. D. (March 2008). Effect of Macroeconomic Variables on Stock Market Returns for Four Emerging Economies Brazil, Russia, India and China.International cable Economics Research Jornal, 7.Websitehttp//www.cluteinstitute-onlinejournals.comGulf News. (2008).Investment. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from gulfnews.websitehttp//gulfnews.com/business/investment/pakistanHussain, D. I. (2009). Why does Pakistan have to accumulate foreign reserves?Website http//ishrathusain.iba.edu.pk/papersKarachi Stock Exchange. (2010).introduction. Retrieved February 2010, from Karachi Stock Exchange website http//www.kse.com.pkMinistry of Finance Islamabad, Govt of Pakistan. (n.d.). Capital Markets.Economic Survey of Pakistan. Islamabad, Pakistan Govt of Pakistan.Mohammad, S. D., Hussain, A., Ali, A. (2009). Impact of Macroeconomics Variables on Stock Prices Emperical Evidance in Case of KSE.European Journal of Scientif ic Research, 38 no. 1, 96-103.Websitehttp//pdfcast.org/pdf/impact-of-macroeconomicseNishat, D. M., Shaheen, R. (2004). Macro-Economic Factors and Pakistani Equity Market.State Bank of Pakistan. (2010, January). Foreign Reserves. Lahore, Pakistan State Bank of Pakistan.Should Children of Illegal Immigrants Get an precept?Should Children of Illegal Immigrants Get an Education?Should Children of Illegal Immigrants Be Able to Get an Education?Education is a very important topic that impacts our nation as a whole. Some American citizens think genteelness is needed for everyone while others dont. With the rise of illegitimate immigration, more and more people are wondering whether or not the children of abominable immigrants should have the like rights as the children of American citizens. Many people say that it is too expensive to give them an command, but if they dont get an commandment, the United States can see negative effects in the future. It is only right that children of illegal immigrants have the opportunity to get an education in order to learn the skills to make their lives and the country better.Illegal immigrants come to the United States knowing that they are at the risk of getting caught, discharge to jail, and getting deported out of the country. This causes a lot of fear and anxiety in their every day lives. The main reason many immigrants come here is for work and to better their familys lives. To better their familys lives, their children need an education. Today, children of illegal immigrants still have the fortuity to get an education because of the 1982 case, Plyer v. Doe, where the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (5-4) that a 1975 Texas law denying public-school education to children of illegal aliens violated the fourteenth Amendments equal-protection clause (Miller). Having this law is very helpful for those who do not have a citizenship. Most children of illegal immigrants face many obstacles throughout their schooling. Some start out not knowing English very well and do not have the help they need from their parents at home. Giving them the basic studies and a place for them to learn can help these kids stick in a way that would not be possible without a public education.The numbers of illegal immigrants continue to go up in the US, but mostly in states like Texas, Florida, and California. According to Berna Miller, the education of these children is important because California is already facing a shortage of highly skilled workers. If children of illegal immigrants are not allowed an education, they may turn to gangs and crime because they do not have a good foundation. If these kids grow up with violence and drugs around, it only makes their communities more grievous for everybody. And not having a good education does not help in getting a job in the future. The same happens when the situation is turned around. If children of illegal immigrants are accustomed an opportunity to become more skilled, they ca n get a better job later on which will help out the economy. Some argue that the costs of educating these children is too high, but when compared to the possibility of these children developing into adults who contribute to the economy, the United States can see itself having positive long term effects.Although some people feel that illegal immigrants shouldnt come to the United States, others feel the opposite. T separatelyers, schools and universities are standing up for the rights of undocumented children or children with undocumented parents. In November 30, 2016 presidents of 27 Jesuit colleges and universities pledged themselves to protect to the fullest extent of the law undocumented students on our campuses and to promote retention of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Program (A pledge to protect tranceers). It is important that these schools stand up for the rights of illegal immigrants children because not all had a choice when coming to this country. The presid ents that stood up for these kids said their communities are immeasurably enriched by the presence, intelligence, and committed contributions of undocumented students, as well as of faculty and staff of every color and from every faith tradition (A pledge to protect Dreamers). That statement shows that having people from other cultures in the same education system helps everyone. Children of illegal immigrants are getting the chance to educate themselves while they also make their school better with their culture.Another problem that comes up with educating children of illegal immigrants is that blush though they can get a public school education, most do not go to college. In 2008, about 65,000 illegal immigrants graduated from American high schools, but only 5 percent went on to college (Preston). This can be because most immigrants do not have a lot of money and cannot apply for financial aid to help their kids. And if their children are illegal as well, they can feel afraid of being exposed when going to a university. Not helping these kids can be harmful in the future because they will remain low-skilled workers. In this day and age it is very important that people get a good education to get higher paying jobs. This is why the DREAM act helps these kids a lot. The idea behind the Dream Act is that the U.S. should assimilate, rather than expel, dedicated young people who are not at fault for their illegal status (Preston). By giving these kids the chance to better themselves, the United States can advance more in the future. By helping children of immigrants, we are creating members of a society that can contribute economically or even culturally. This helps the whole nation. It is true that even people who dont support these kids now will see a good change in this country later. Even if theyre illegal, these kids can create the next invention that can change the world.Many people are supporting the higher education of illegal immigrant children. Accord ing to Rosa Ramirez, a student at Miami-Dade College was classified as an out-of-state student because she could not provide the legal status of her parent. In the case, it is said that the student was born in Florida and that she had graduated high school in the state. The universitys rule was making her pay a lot more because of her parents status. It should not matter where her parents stand, what really matters is a persons motivation to get a good education. By making her pay extra, she had another obstacle to face before she could go to college. If she did not speak up, she would have lost the chance to continue getting a higher education. Luckily a Florida judge ruled that making her pay out-of-state tuition violates the equal protection of the laws guaranteed under the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. More and more cases like this are being won by children of illegal immigrants. This shows that people are opening up their eyes to the importance of education for everyone a nd that if someone is willing to put in effort to get an education, then they deserve it.It has not been easy in the past years for children of illegal immigrants to memorial for public schooling. Even if the law says they should get an education, a lot of schools in the country are making it unspoken for these kids to enroll. According to Tim Walker, one 17 year-old student recounted to the researchers that she was told that she could not start school until after exams, delaying her enrollment by four weeks. This is because some schools think that children of illegal immigrants are going to fail when taking govern tests. These schools are afraid of looking bad by accepting these students. Education should be about making people better not just compassionate about grades. Another thing that some public schools do is make up a lot of rules that have to do with residency or they make the enrollment process too hard for some immigrant families to understand. Some time if a public s chool does not want to accept a student, they will send students to alternative education programs, including, but not limited to, those intended for children with serious behavioral problems, even if the student in question displays no such issues (Walker). This is another unfair way to treat children of illegal immigrants. If a student does not have behavioral problems and only wants to succeed, they should not be forced to take another step back.Even though it seems like the country is split up over this problem, it is good to see things through a humans plain dot of view. If a human did nothing wrong and is being denied an education which only makes a them better, then there is a problem. If we let children of illegal immigrants follow their dreams and make something of themselves then we can expect good results. By giving these kids the tools, they can create a better America in the future. Many of them have different talents and intelligence that can be a good thing for this country. Their parents risked a lot to help them have a brighter future. If we deny education to children of illegal immigrants, we are denying the American dream.Works CitedA Pledge to Protect Dreamers. America 19 Dec. 2016 10. General OneFile. Web. 9 Feb. 2017.Miller, Berna. Educating the other Children. American Demographics Oct. 1997 49. General OneFile. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.Preston, Julia. Raised in the U.S., but Still Illegal How Should the U.S. Treat a Million Young People Who Were Brought Here Illegally as Children? New York Times Upfront 15 Mar. 2010 8. General OneFile. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.Ramirez, Rosa. Judge U.S.-Born Children of Undocumented Parents Can Pay In-State Tuition. Nationaljournal.com 6 Sept. 2012 n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.Walker, Tim. How Undocumented Students Are Turned Away From Public Schools. NEA Today. N.p., 23 Apr. 2016. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.Interactive Whiteboards Advantages and Disadvantages StudyInteractive Whiteboards Advantages and Disadva ntages StudyHaving personally conducted surveys whilst studying at University in England and Australia, I found at times it was frustrating, time overwhelming and the strike rate less than 5%.At other times it was very rewarding with the strike rate at a healthy 30%.Firstly the paper will take a look at four different papers and what pro and cons they gathered on IWBsSecondly the paper will contain a model for conducting a large scale research survey.It will containThe initial phase to implement the surveyThe methodology used to collect dataThe questions used in the surveyAnalysis of the dataJustificationThe research is very important for instructors as it let them know if the IWB improves the pedagogy in teach and learning. It will also help the teachers understand their weaknesses and strengths using new technology in the teaching and learning environment. They will then be able to plan their lessons so the students are able to get a full understanding of the IWB as a teaching tool and not a plaything.The teachers may find they have to teach basic computer skills to the students, such asTerminology (literacy)How to turn their computers onHow to log in and outSoftware useHow to access the internetKey board skillsThe teachers may say that they do not have time to teach a pick out subject as it will encroach on the lessons they are teaching.Without recognising the weaknesses of the students, in using the IWB, the students may miss out on valuable opportunities that are fundamental in their pedagogy growthQuotesAccording to Sudgen that something, as bland as a projected image could be used interactively in this way (Sudgen 2002). The difficulties he knowd with the IWB showed that there were logging on problems by the students and if the IWB was knocked it had to be re-calibrated (Sudgen 2002)Other problems encountered were light shinning on the IWB caused shadows making it difficult to see the images, the key board only shows lower case letters, making it hard for some students to recognise letters and problems caused by the students resting their hand on the IWB whilst writing (Sudgen 2002)Even with the difficulties Sudgen encountered during the lesson, he found the students worked with each other on how to find the correct word and its spelling using the IWB (Sudgen 2002). He also found by the end of the lesson the students had gained confidence in using the IWB even if they put in the wrong answer, they all supported each other by offering alternative answers (Sudgen 2002)Research by Dorothy Walker at the Royal Docks Community School in 2003 found some surprising results IWBs had on the pedagogy of the students and how it improved the time teachers spent actually teaching.With the help of the proxy head, Tom Smith, Walker found that the teachers where getting 20 25 per cent more time teaching (Walker 2003)The school was that impressed with the value of the IWB they have 54, which are housed in a purpose built building (Walker 20 03)Smith has asked to be benched marked against other schools, but as yet Ofsted cant find anyone like us (Walker 2003)The Docklands school has 1,200 who speak over 48 languages, this made Smith search for innovative technologies to help the students, whose special needs exceeded 10 times the national average.When Smith first saw the IWB he knew it would help with literacy, as many of the students are visual learners (Walker 2003)The students are enthusiastic in helping new teachers use the IWB as well, (the teachers) receive extensive in house training (Walker 2003)The students use the IWB to interact with each others ideas by sharing their work, with over 600 PCs in the school the students can access the IWB to evaluate what they have be presented with in the previous lessons as well as being able to transfer their homework. take University together with Promethean (the maker of IWBs) and with funding from NESTA carried out research in August 2002, to find out how effective IWBs are in delivering excellence in the teaching and learning environment (Hull University 2002)The aim of the project over two years, focused on 200 classroom notes in schools and colleges.During the observations the researches noted the strengths and weaknesses of the teachers using IWBs in teaching and learning.The data collected helped them develop digital resources used for research in the learning environment.The researchers found that teachers have to consider that IWBs can be in effect(p) for teaching if they make sure the students can see the fonts from all areas of the classroom, they can all hear the IWB and that light entering the room may make the IWB hard to read.They found that teaches could use wireless technology so they dont have to go back to their computer, also the teachers could use the IWBs technology to save time by saving the WEB sites accessed on the hard drive (Hull University 2002)Using an interactive whiteboard (IWB)The research taken out relied on a singl e researcher observing lessons using an interactive white board and conducting interviews with teachersThe primary school was purposely built for teachers to use ICT and how it would enhance pedagogy in learning and teaching (Beauchamp 2004)Over the period of two years the teachers where trained on how to use ICT, giving them differing levels of confidence. When they started in the new school the IWB was new to them.The researcher divided the data collection into four stagesData collectionValidationInterpretationAction (Beauchamp 2004)The researcher had the consent of the teachers and management to observe seven teachers using the IWB over a two day period (Beauchamp 2004)During the lesson the researcher took contemporaneous notes and after the lesson the researcher had an unstructured interview with the teacher on any issues they had using ICT and the IWBDuring the initial stages the teachers where given plenty of notice by the researcher what lessons would be observedThe research ers noted the count of skills the teachers had in using ICT, and teachers pedagogic practices in using ICT.It was noted that there was a range of skills and competencies in using ICT.The researcher categorised the skills and competencies of each teacher byBlack / white board substituteApprentice substance abuserInitiate userAdvanced userSynergistic user (Beauchamp 2004)ValidationAfter the initial phase of the observation the researcher was able to table the characteristics of the teacher and how they progressed.The second stage of observation carried out a year later allowed the teachers time to develop their skills and pedagogy in using ICTDuring the second stage of the research, the focus of the observations matched the skills on the framework create from the data collected from the initial stage.The interviews conducted with the teachers were taped in order to validate and ground the findings (Beauchamp 2004)During the second stage interviews the teachers were given the framewo rks developed from the first stage. Unlike the initial interviews, the framework provided a structure to the questions asked by the researcherThe research did not take into account the years of experience and age of the teachers, as its aim was to get an overall representation of all primary school teachers.This eliminated any variables to ensure a model was developed which represented all teachers (Beauchamp 2004)Interpretation and ActionA qualitative analysis was used to analyse the data collected by the researcher. The data collected identified common features as well key differences in areas of cognitive and pedagogical development of how teachers used ICT and IWBThe variables noted wereOperating system useMechanical skillsProgram variablesClassroom management and pedagogy (Beauchamp 2004)The researcher noted on occasions there where advancements predominantly in the pedagogical and mechanical skills of the teachers.DifficultiesThe research conducted in the primary school looked at how the teachers used and implemented ICT and IWB in the learning and teaching environment.The research was conducted over two days observing and interviewing the teachers in two stages, with a gap of one year between each stage.The length of time between each stage may of led to a belief by the teachers that they had plenty of time to improve their skills. The evidence presented by the researcher does not suggest the skills where improved in leaps and abounds over the year.Seven teachers took part in the research all had precedent knowledge of which lessons would be observed. The small number of teachers used in the research would make it very difficult and probably bias to come to a oecumenic consensus.The interviews in stage one were unstructured, whereas in stage two they were taped and structured. The problems of having an unstructured interview would of made the analysis of the data unreliable and complex in being able to validate the findings.Stage TwoThe initial phase to implement the surveyI would look at getting backing from the Education Department to conduct the survey. This would give the survey credibility and help to get participation from the schools management and teachers.The letter to the Department of Education will contain this precedeProblem Definition i.e. The use of the Interactive White Board (IWB) in the teaching and learning environment and how it improves pedagogy.With the event of new technologies used in the classroom there is a need for the system to be investigated. Increasing the knowledge of teachers in the use of IWB will give them knowledge of its potential as a tool in the pedagogy process.If teachers feel more comfortable using the IWB it will benefit them in lesson planning, understanding the needs of their students and how to combat any difficulties their students may have.The IWB is expensive, but it is here to stay, with the emphasis on using Information Communication Technologies (ICT) in the 21st century class room.If a teacher feels incompetent in using the IWB they may not use it in primary schools. This could disadvantage the students when they go to higher education.The aim is to ask primary schools to participate in a spacious scale research project.Data will be collected by way ofAn online questionnaireInterviewsObservationsThe survey will not contain any personal information on teachers or students.Note The preamble would be written as a letterThe letter will include the questionnaire and any other germane(predicate) material that will support the proposal.Bu way of a bulletin, primary schools will be asked to participate in a large scale research project. The clear-sighted of which is to improve the use of new technologies in teaching and learning.The schools will be told that the survey will be online and conducted by way of observation and interviews.They will be able to pick which ones they would be happy to participate in.The schools will be asked to register at an encrypte d WEB site.After registration the schools that register will be given a registration number.The schools will be required to provideSize and type of school i.e. private, public, special ed etcSubjects taught using IWBThe range of teachers experienceLocation city suburban, countryThe schools will be then asked to fill in the online questionnaire (below)The surveyAfter collecting the online survey an analysing by way by way of graphs the second phase of the survey will come into place.This will entail a suitably qualified person going to schools and conducting the observations and interviews e.g. retired teacherThe observation and interview will be conducted with an arrangement between the teacher and data collector.The observer will noteThe subject being taught.The grade being taught.What the IWB was used for e.g. Internet, research etc.Length of time the teacher used the IWB.Whether it improved pedagogy or complemented it.The competency of the teacher.During the interview, the observ er will ask the teacherHow the IWB complimented their pedagogy.Had they had training on the use of the IWBHow long had they been using the IWBWould they like more trainingAny issues they have with the IWBAny improvementsThe interviews should take no longer then five minutes with a tick box sheet and a small comment section.The data collector will then log into the WEB site and upload all the dataConclusionWithout large scale research it is very easy to generalise and come to conclusions that the researcher wants.As we found at Docklands, Smith could not get a benchmark that would help him assess the effectiveness of using the IWBOther researchers collected data from a small group, compared to the amount of schools, yet they tried to generalise their finding to the overall schools populace.It seems that IWBs are going to be the future of teaching, therefore the Education Departments and Governments need to make certain data collected on the benefits of IWBs needs to quantitive and qu alitive, without which could lead to problems in literacy and pedagogy that will impact on teachers and students alike.BibliographyInternetDruin A, et al, http//www.blackwell-synergy.com/, Sydney Australia,13 May 2006Beauchamp Gary, http//www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/, Sydney Australia, 15th May 2006Hull University et.al, http//www.thereviewproject.org/about.htm,Sydney Australia, 27th May 2006Roschelle J, http//www.blackwell-synergy.com/, Sydney Australia 13 May 2006Sudgen D, http//ferl.becta.org.uk/ , Sydney Australia, 27th May 2006Walker D, http//www.tes.co.uk/, Sydney Australia, 27th May 2006The complete addresseshttp//www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.0266-4909.2003.00028.xhttp//www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/1475939x.asphttp//ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm?resID=2640http//www.tes.co.uk/section/story/?section=Archivesub_section=Online+Educationstory_id=373324Type=0http//www.thereviewproject.org/about.htmBibliographyInternetDruin A, et al, http//www.blackwell-synergy .com/, Sydney Australia 13 May 2006Beauchamp Gary, http//www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/, Sydney Australia 15th May 2006Roschelle J, http//www.blackwell-synergy.com/, Sydney Australia 13 May 2006The complete addresseshttp//www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.0266-4909.2003.00028.xhttp//www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/1475939x.asp