Research Methods for Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Research Methods for Business - Assignment Example Apart from this based on the study, it has been recognized that during the global trade, companies are facing several kind of risks from the global market place, which may be in terms of political aspects, economical aspects and commercial aspects. USASuperCars has been selling luxury sports cars. The company has developed a contractual agreement for selling cars to customers on a global context. In this respect, the intention of the article is to highlight information relating to foreign exchange along with the concept of global trade. Moreover, the study identifies the role of the bank in the sphere of exchange rate policy. At the same time, the involvement of risks in the foreign trade has been also discussed. In this assignment, selling prices of the USASuperCars has been given below along with the name of the countries. Thus, the aim of this assignment is to identify the consequences according to the situation given in the case. At the same time, involvement and occurrences of bank in case of foreign trade has been demonstrated through the study. In order to identify the probability of exceeding the revenue $ 2,200,000, it can be ascertained that if the company USASuperCars will incur loss approximately around (17%) due to foreign exchange and for other reasons such as distribution purpose, even then the company will definitely be able to ensure a revenue approximately $2,200,000 or more. Rationally, the cost of cars is found to be recorded as $2207607.45, which signifies that during the global trade if the company will perform their trade operation with a loss of 17%, instead of that the company will able to earn a revenue around at least $ 2,200,000. Thus, it can be claimed that the probability is high of exceeding the revenue level $2,200,000 (Niepmann & Schmidt-Eisenlohr, 2014; Economy watch, 2010). In order to identify the probability of exceeding the revenue $2,225,000, it can be claimed that

How technolgy effects my community Essay Example for Free

How technolgy effects my community Essay The town I am writing about is Mynydd Isa. This is a small town just outside of Mold in Flintshire. It has a population of about 6000 people. The town its self is centralised around a group of small shops. The town is very quaint and houses 3 schools. CCTV The first technology I have chosen to write about is the security camera. There are CCTV cameras installed, albeit discreetly, at almost every social area in my community, such as the local shop, the library, the chip shop and even my school and homes throught Mynydd Isa. Security cameras are set up for any number of reasons but mostly for protection of property and piece of mind. If a business such as a small corner shop or house felt that it needed a little more security and protection for their premises and prevent their livelihood or cherish home from being vandalised or maybe a theft, what better way to protect it than to install a security camera. This is a great deterrent for the youths who may be hanging around the properties at night. It also gives the shops customers or home owners an extra sense of well being, allowing them to go to the shop at night or even in the cover of darkness, they know they are being monitored by the security cameras. This is true of many older people in particular, as large gangs of teenagers hanging around , even if they do not mean harm, can be intimidating to an older person. Therefore, having the cameras does allow them to feel they can still retain their independence. Once a camera is installed, it can be connected to a television monitor. This would mean that the owner of the security camera could see exactly what the camera was seeing at real time allowing the owner not to miss anything. Also, this could then be recorded using any simple VCR. This would allow the owner to record any incidents outside for further reference if required as evidence in court and as the motto goes seeing is believing. There are many different styles and features on a security camera such as night vision. This allows the owner to protect his property at night during the cover of darkness. Some cameras are also built on to a pivot, which allows them to spin a full circle, which would allow them to view a full 360 degrees around it. Some cameras have wireless internet connection that would allow the owner of the camera to watch what was going on from their computer or laptop. Most security cameras, however, are owned by the Council and are monitored in County Hall by Flintshire County Council workers twenty four hours per day. This is very beneficial to the community because if they see any suspicious or criminal behaviour, they can contact the police who can come to the scene of the disturbance immediately and put an end to it, so this again will be reassuring people in the community that they are safe and well protected from any anti social behaviour. The Security cameras which are used at the shopping area of Mynydd Isa are the Sony IP Pan-Tilt-Zoom camera. This is because they can move 180 decrees around allowing them to get a better view of the area. The camera is also infa red so they have the ability to see in the dark. The cameras around the shopping area are also strategically placed so that they cover the whole shopping area so no where is left unseen.

Who are the biggest winners and losers in a globalised world

Who are the biggest winners and losers in a globalised world The world is increasing influenced by Multination Corporation and global brand. Nowadays, the idea that globalisation produces winners and losers are widely accepted. The winners and losers from globalisation can separated into two general categories. One is developing countries and the other one is developed countries. In this essay I will prove there are significant more winners than losers in globalization. The developed countries or developing countries all are being benefited by globalisation. Definition of globalization According to one of most popular definitions which International Monetary Fund(IMF) are given, globalisation is the process through which an increasingly free flow of ideas, people, goods, services and capital leads to the integration of economies and societies. Globalisation is not a recent phenomenon. In 1962, the term globalization was first time come forth to the journal called The Economics. However, at that time globalization more likely as a term to use by economists rather than popular words can be found everywhere. Globalisation can be defined as following aspects: free trade, foreign investment, organizational change in corporate sector and technological change. Trade make an important role in globalisation. According to Charles and McGraw (2008), the Great Depression of the 1930s was caused by highly barriers in international trade. Government who govern their countries constrained the exports goods and labour services to other countries and high imports taxation rate to protect their domestic manufactures. Due to this experience, after World War II, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are founded and made big impact in global trade market. World Trade Organisation (WTO) was established by GATT which make global trade system lower barriers through the principle and rules they negotiated. Free trade could reduce overall costs of production due to the imports; which company can purchase cheaper resource and workforce. Ultimately, free trade can cut our living costs and improve our living standards. Furthermore, free trade gives customers more choice on which products they are willing to buy. Because of free trade, we can get wider c hoice on domestic productions or international productions. Opening the domestic economies to foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important part of globalisation. The evidence (Charles and McGraw, 2008) suggests that FDI is making a significant role in the global economy. The outflow of FDI increased faster which from $25 billion in 1975 to $1.2 trillion in 2000. The multinational company made a significant influence in FDI. There has been a big change in the nature of the company due to the globalisation of the production and distribution. Corporations are now becoming part of global supply chains which spread their productions. As an international company they must adapt the international business environment quicker than domestic firms. Hence, they change their corporate strategy frequently. According to Charles and McGraw (2008) the role of technological change has made globalisation become more reality. Since the end of World War II, the world technological dramatically improved through Internet, telecommunication and transportation. Those improvements provide better condition for globalisation world widely. Winners in the developed countries Many people believe globalisation make developed countries become to loser due to off-shoring. Large employment opportunities are moving to developing countries because of cheaper labour costs. Off-shoring made lots of job lost in developed countries. However, all coins have two sides, job losses in the developed countries do not means all negative sides in globalisation. According to Charles and McGraw (2008), when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) established in 1994, clothing prices in the United States have decreased. For instance, blank T-shirts wholesaled for $24 a dozen in 1994 but now they only sell $14 a dozen. The lower prices on production are benefit for most of American who have more money to spend on other times. Generally speaking in economic aspect, most MNEs are come from developed countries, which through FDI to expand their capital and make huge profits. FDI and free trade provide opportunities to MNEs gather cheaper raw materials and workforce which reducing the overall costs of productions. Most of the MNEs have more advantages because their enough capital and high technology supported. Therefore, MNEs will establish subsidiaries in FDI countries and sell these products with high price directly which can make large profits. Multinationals benefit most from globalisation according to 87% of EU citizens. Nowadays, MNEs seem as the leader in developed countries economics, they occupied large parts of domestic market. MNEs doing their business development well which can reflect the developed countries are winners from globalisation as well. Overall, developed countries are winners in globalisation, they gains outweigh the losses. Winners in the developing countries According Lancaster (2000), the six billion people in the world which have five billion people live in developing world. How much impact of globalisation on this countries and people? There are many argument about winners from globalisation in booming are not necessary shared equally in the global wide. When the distributions are not equally, the developing countries might become losers due to their poor condition on economy and politics aspects. Peaceful and stable are essential for developing countries in long-term development. If trade flows could improve smoothly and countries enjoy that peaceful relationship, it might avoid many political and economic conflicts between countries or regions. WTO is an important organisation in globalisation that makes vital roles to keep world peace. Most of developing countries are following WTOs principles and rules to trade and investment. Due to this peaceful environment, developing countries can concentrate on their trade market and economic development. Moreover, investment and trade are increased dramatically since 1990. There are more and more foreign direct investment in developing countries such as China, Indian, Mexico, and Thailand. Investments in those countries provide large employment opportunities and increase their exports and growth rate therefore improve overall standard of living. The Asian countries financial crises in the 1997 made many experts to fight globalisation become stronger. They believe developing countries are losers in globalisation. However, the experience of China has been used as a good example to prove they are the winner of globalisation. Before reform, China was the world most important opponent of globalisation which is not opening their trade market. Since 1979, reform policy made Chinas economic become most competitive and booming country in world widely. According to Michael Dauderstà ¤dt Jà ¼rgen Stetten (2005) purchasing power parity in China is ranks secondly after America. Share of world trade increased from approximately 1% to almost 6% between 1979 and 2003. Since 2001, China access to the WTO which provide better free trade market environment and also become more competitive in international market. In a word, Chinas experience in opening up reveals in what way a developing country can become winners from globalisation. Beside s, China gives other developing countries more confidence to support free trade market and globalisation. Conclusion In conclusion, both of developing countries and developing countries are winners eventually. Through free trade, foreign direct investment and organisation, world village becomes more and more possible. Whereas lose employment opportunities due to off-shoring or many domestic firms are bankrupted due to MNEs, which can not stop the globalisation steps. As we have demonstrated that there are significant more winners than losers in globalisation. The number of words: 1196

The Allegorical Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

The Allegorical Young Goodman Brown The story about Young Goodman Brown centers around the allegory of a man pitted against his past and his desires to reach beyond that which his benighted heaven would put before him. The allegory is Christian due to the references in Young Goodman Brown to the devil and Satan; it only seems logical that the crux of the story is based upon the religious imagery of Hawthorne's New England in the times of Salem and active religious strife. The beginning of the story mentions the goodman's wife, Faith. The names of the characters alone serve as an indication of what Hawthorne puts as an obvious religious allegory with the goodman and faith soon to be pitted against an unspeakable evil. The goodman even swears that after this night he will "cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven." The devil awaits Young Goodman Brown as he states that the clock of the old south was striking but a few minutes past (Hawthorne is stating how quickly the devil can move--intensifying the airs of the pret ernatural). Young Goodman Brown replies to the devil that faith was keeping him away--Hawthorne's play on words should not be overlooked as this also leads to the realization that a man (a good one) can deal with the devil and possibly win. At this stage in the story the reader still has hope for the goodman who must now deal with what he feels is his duty honor-bound. A "good man" in Hawthorne's day was a person who came from a proper lineage. This very lineage Hawthorne exploits as he begins the goodman's discourse with the devil. The goodman claims that he is from a family of good men that have never been into the forest on such an errand to meet the devil; Hawthorne depends upon this defense to criticize the patriarchal lineage upon which a person places his worth. This view is quickly derailed as the devil himself states that all of his ancestors were with him as they tortured women in Salem or burned to the ground Indian villages, and afterwards the devil and his ancestors would go for a friendly walk. Hawthorne has derided the institution of Young Goodman Brown's lineage, and his society's view of honor by pointing to some simple facts. The question remains as to whom or what is the devil.

ABC Manufacturing Company Essay

The ABC Manufacturing Company is a metal working plant under the direction of a plant manager who is known as a strict disciplinarian. One day a foreman noticed Bhola, one of the workers, at the time-clock punching out two cards his own and the card of Nathu, a fellow worker. Since it was the rule of the company that each man must punch out his own card, the foreman asked Bhola to accompany him to the Personnel Director, who interpreted the incident as a direct violation of a rule and gave immediate notice of discharge to both workers. The two workers came to see the Personnel Director on the following day. Nathu claimed innocence on the ground that he had not asked for his card to be punched and did not know at the time that it was being punched. He had been offered a ride by a friend who had already punched out and who could not wait for him to go through the punch-out procedure. Nathu was worried about his wife who was ill at home and was anxious to reach home as quickly as possible. He planned to take his card to the foreman the next morning for reinstatement, a provision sometimes exercised in such cases. These circumstances were verified by Bhola. He claimed that he had punched Nathu’s card the same time he punched his own, not being conscious of any wrongdoing. The Personnel Director was inclined to believe the story of the two men but did not feel he could reverse the action taken. He recognized that these men were good workers and had good records prior to this incident. Nevertheless, they had violated a rule for which the penalty was immediate discharge. He also reminded them that it was the policy of the company to enforce the rules without exception. A few days later the Personnel Director, the Plant Manager, and the Sales Manager sat together at lunch. The Sales Manager reported that he was faced with the necessity of notifying one of their best customers that his order must be delayed because of the liability of one department to conform to schedule. The department in question was the one from which the two workers had been discharged. Not only had it been impossible to replace these men to date, but disgruntlement over the incident had led to significant decline in the cooperation of the other workers. The Personnel Director and the Sales Manager took the position that the discha rge of these two valuable men could have been avoided if there had been provision for onsidering the circumstances of the case. They pointed out that the incident was costly to the company in the possible loss of a customer, in the dissatisfaction within the employee group, and in the time and money that would be involved in recruiting and training replacements. The Plant Manager could not agree with this point of view. â€Å"We must have rules if we are to have efficiency; and the rules are no god unless we enforce them. Furthermore, if we start considering all these variations in circumstances, we will find ourselves loaded down with everybody thinking he is an exception. † He admitted that the grievances were frequent but countered with the point that they could be of little consequence if the contract agreed to by the union was followed to the letter

Pablo Picasso and Michelangelo Buonarroti

Pablo Picasso and Michelangelo Buonarroti Introduction Pablo Picasso was a Spanish painter who lived in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. He was born in the year 1881 and died in the year 1973 having been majorly involved in the fields of painting and sculpture. Though born in Spain, Picasso lived most of his life in France. Michelangelo Bounarroti was on the other hand an Italian who was also gifted in the field of painting and sculpture. He was also involved in other arts such as poetry and in the field of engineering. He lived from the year 1475 to the year 1564.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Picasso and Michelangelo Buonarroti specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to discuss the two artists mentioned above. The paper will look into the biographies of these personalities with the view of identifying the similarities and differences that existed between them. Individual biographies are examined after which the similarities and differences are drawn out. Pablo Picasso Pablo was born in the Spanish town of Malaga. His father was called Blasco. Pablo’s interest and exploration in arts can be attributed to his father’s influence as his father was well established in the field of arts. Blasco was actually a professional in the field of arts as he is reported to have been a professor in one of the art schools in Spain. He was also a painter and a curator. It is most likely this paternal influence that drove Picasso into practicing arts. Following this influence, Picasso was enrolled in an art school in the city of Madrid in order to advance his skills. His efforts and desire to study at this level did not however bear fruit and he was forced to cut short his studies before even completing his first year of study. At the age of nineteen, Picasso left Spain for Paris in France where he was to stay with a friend. During this time and under their arrangement, between Picasso and his friend, Picasso d id his painting works at night while his friend worked during the day a situation that made him to burn most of his paintings in order generate heat in the cold nights (Ghare 1). The following half a century of Pablo’s life was majorly dominated with painting with specialization in variety of styles each at a time. Picasso’s social life was not characterized with significant stability as expected in most societies. He had a number of love relationships that rarely worked out for him in terms of marriage. Though his first engagement was realized in the year 1904, Picasso only managed to get into marriage when he was approaching fifty years of age.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More His marriage also failed to work as he was involved in an extra marital affair which together with the different lifestyles that his wife and he lived, led to their separation. Thou gh he further had a number of relationships, he never married again after this until the year 1961 when he married just to avenge on a woman that had left him. He later died in the year 1973 (Ghare 1). Michelangelo Bounarroti Michelangelo was born in the year 1475 as a second born child to Ludovico and Neri. Following her mother’s health condition which was not steady, Michelangelo was placed under special nursing condition. His mother’s attention to him was further cut by her death when he was only six years of age. Though he developed interest in arts at a younger age, his farther did not like the idea which he considered as a peasant’s activity. Michelangelo was then sent by his father to a grammar school following the intellectual level that he noticed in Michelangelo. It is in this school that Michelangelo met a friend who encouraged him venture into arts. At the age of thirteen, he was enlisted to work at a painting workshop before he later went to school to study arts. He then tried to study human anatomy where he used dead bodies before he realized that the dead bodies were inducing negative effects into his life (Michelangelo 1). By the year 1505, Michelangelo had been an established painter who was recognized by high authorities such as the papacy. He was for this reason enlisted in the year 1508 to work on a tomb for the papacy. He worked on many high profile assignments. His services were also enlisted by the government of Florence. He later left Florence for Rome following a level of hostility that he received from the administration and citizens following some misunderstandings. He also ventured in other fields such as architecture and literature. His social life was however full of isolation. He confessed his loneliness when he admitted not to be having friends and that he was spending much time in his paintings to an extent that he did not even have enough time for eating. He later died in isolation with no relative around to take care of him or his property. His nephew, however, arrived after his body had been disposed off and carried the remains together with his belongings to Florence (Michelangelo 1). Similarities between Pablo Picasso and Michelangelo One of the similarities that is realized between the two artists, Michelangelo and Picasso are their characteristic movements from their original residence to foreign lands. Michelangelo is, for example, identified to have moved from Florence to Rome. Following his artistic skills, Michelangelo was invited to stay in Medici where he practiced his painting.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Picasso and Michelangelo Buonarroti specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lorenzo, who took him to the palace, however died and the situation changed forcing Michelangelo to return to his father’s house where he stayed before he later moved to Rome where he again practiced his art. Though no clear reason is given for Michelangelo’s first movement to Rome, it is clear that he left his original residence in Florence for Rome where he significantly expressed his artistic talent (Pal 2). Similarly, Picasso left his original country, Spain, and moved to France where he stayed and did his paintings. His movement to France took place in the year 1901. Another similar feature of the two artists is the level of dependence that was exhibited in their lives. In the case of Michelangelo, he was taken in to the palace where he stayed until the death of Lorenzo. After the painful loss of Lorenzo, he resorted to staying with his father for some time before moving to Rome again in the hands of other people. He therefore revealed a level of dependence in his early life though he had been economically empowered through his ability to paint. Pablo Picasso also revealed the level of dependence in his life in Spain and France. When he arrived in France, Pablo moved to stay with a fr iend. The condition in which they were living appeared to be restrictive since the two people were not able to sleep at the same time. Their sleeping in turns, one person during the day while another during the night, is an indication that the facility in the house was limited. Pablo, however, still held on to staying with the friend. He thus failed to independently settle in his own house (Michelangelo 1). Another similarity that existed between the two individuals is their profession that was painting. Pablo is represented to have been a professional painter by the year 1894. Some of his paintings included â€Å"the first communion and portrait of aunt pepa† (Michelangelo 1) which appeared in his earlier paintings in the nineteenth century. His life was dominated with painting as he practiced the art up to almost his time of death. He painted his first major painting at the age of about thirteen years; Pablo was continually in the field of painting till the year 1971 when h is last significant painting was realized before his death in the year 1973.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He thus devoted his life to painting. Michelangelo was also a renowned painter. He can similarly be said to have started his painting career at the age of thirteen when his father gave up on his resistance that he was not fit for painting. He was thus established as a popular painter in Florence and also learnt a lot before he was taken in by Lorenzo. He was also involved in his painting career until almost his time of death. The two artists are also reported to have had poor social lives. Though they lived in different times and localities, their relationships were not strong as their devotion to their profession which took most of their time. Though Pablo is reported to have had engagements and was even married with children, these relationships lacked a strong foundation and all of them. Pablo’s last marriage was also not based on feelings and emotions, but was rather on a revenge mission over another woman who had left him. Michelangelo is also expressed as an individual who never had a life apart from his painting. This is much evidenced after his death when only one of his nephews was available as his closest relative to help in taking care of his funeral arrangements. The history of the painter is very silent on his relations. One of the articles that are beloved to have been written by Michelangelo actually confirmed his social loneliness. He is reported to have confessed that he lacked friends and that he actually did not need such friends. This attitude is by implication given to relatives who seemed never to be close to him until after his death when a nephew came for his remains. His remains being granted to his nephew according to his wish that his body and property be delivered to his closest relative indicated that he never had a wife and thus no children (Ghare 1). Differences between Pablo Picasso and Michelangelo Buonarroti Just as a number of similarities are exhibited in the biographies of the two artists, their histories at the same time reveals a lot of differences. One of the differences in the lives of Picasso and Michelangelo was the manner in which they entered into the art of painting. Pablo’s entry into the art of painting is revealed to have been an influence from his father who was a professor in arts. His father was also a painter and worked in a museum, an exposure that could have played a role in influencing Picasso into arts and painting. Picasso’s parents also took the initiative to establish him as an artist, most likely a painter, as they registered him in an art school so that he could study and develop artistic skills. On the contrary, Michelangelo was drawn into art and painting by personal instincts. His attraction into arts was more of an in born property that could not even be suppressed by his father who did all he could to divert his interest arts. This is majorly because his father despised drawing and arts. Another difference between the two artists was their paternal ho mes, where they worked and the period in which they lived. While Michelangelo was born, lived and worked in Italian towns in the fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries, Picasso was born in Spain in the nineteenth century but later lived and worked in France in the twentieth century. Their level of social relationships also differed in that as Picasso was able to at least engage in relationships that even led to marriages, Michelangelo was never associated in any known relationship (Michelangelo 1). Conclusion Picasso and Michelangelo were both renowned painters. Their lives exhibited a significant level of both similarities and contrasts. They are still remembered for their prowess in the world of art. The level of dedications and talent made it possible for them to make great works of art. Ghare, Madhavi. Pablo Picasso biography. Buzzle, 2011. Web. https://arthearty.com/pablo-picasso-biography Michelangelo. Michelangelo. Michelangelo, n.d. Web. Pal, Loswego. Michelangelo Buonarroti . Pal Loswego, n.d. Web.

How To Create Your Best Counter-Argument

How To Create Your Best Counter-Argument Counter Argument Writing Tips One of the best assignments in your students’ time is writing a counter-argument. Why you may ask? Such a task will make any student not only improve his writing skills but also his thinking. This skill will remain with you all during your life and will be very helpful for your future career. This type of assignment will help make your own arguments even stronger. You will be able to participate in any argument and prove your point of view. When you address the counter-argument in your argumentative essay, you exponentially sublimate your essay. Your writing will be more mature, academic, and developed. You show your high-level thinking when you develop the counter-argument to the toughest point of view. It’s really essential to build a strong case and provide the relevant evidence; and to reach this, you have to be aware of the counter argument within your essay. If your essay is written with no regard to the really obvious counter-argument, it is poor. Instead, when you’re able to create a sound counter-argument, it will influence positively your personal life. Master this skill – and you will be able to see other people’s perspective even if someone’s opinion is different from yours. Thanks to that skill, you will become an emotionally intelligent and compassionate person. What Is a Counter Argument? Almost every essay contains an argumentative aspect. As a rule, students provide a thesis and search for arguing in favor of their thesis. Your task is to provide the details, facts, and some research supporting the thesis to show why it is correct. According to Harvey, when you provide a counter-argument in your essay, you show your confidence. When someone has a skeptical attitude, placing a counter argument helps you predict all the objections your reader might have and be ready for them. You present yourself as a person who considers all the alternatives before arguing for one point of view. It means that you don’t avoid difficulties, but confront them, and all this makes you interesting to a reader. The counter-argument has to disagree with your thesis and is the most obvious point of your essay. For that reason, it has to be worth addressing. So including it to your writing would be a good choice while your teacher would appreciate it if you are able to recognize the points of view which disagree with yours. A solid counterargument is built via three steps: A student raises an objection against his argument. A student expands on the position of the objection and then rejects it. A student reaffirms why his position was correct originally. The aim of the counter-argument is to convince other people successfully. However, there is no sense to address an argument no one agrees with. When providing your counter-argument, the reader has to reflect that this is really true and become interested in how you are going to refute it. Imagine how this works in court – â€Å"objection, your honor† – and the judge gives you few seconds to provide a reason for your objection, and it’s very important, while someone’s fate depends on it. So the counter-argument in your essay has to be as strong as in court. Steps for Writing a Counter-Argument Think of the three most obvious objections to your point of view and write them down. Think which of them is the weakest and which the strongest one. Then you have to select the most convincing objection and use it in your essay as the counter-argument. Choose a transitional word/phrase and offer an issue with your argument. For example, someone draws a different conclusion. You can propose a better, alternative solution, for instance. Develop your counter-argument. Now write some more sentences and explain why people have to believe your objection, give some daily-life examples. Now use a transitional word/phrase to get back to your thesis and show that this counter-argument is not valid. Give explanations, it is very important. Reaffirm your thesis more precisely. It’s crucial to do the thesis in a way that makes it more precise and stronger. You have to keep in mind an average reader, persuade him deeply. Let’s Start a Counter Argument From the very beginning, your counter argument should slip into your essay. So it’s crucial to use proper transitional words and phrases. This way, you will show your reader that you are able to deviate from the main path in your essay and get back to it in a while. In order to make your counter argument look properly, you shouldn’t sound upset, but your reader has to be redirected from the main argument’s idea. In this case, transition words are crucial for starting your counter-argument. Transition Words The success of your counter argument and your essay in total depends on the transition words you use. A transitional phrase has to be strong to help your reader understand your line of thinking and understand it well. And, of course, your mark will be much higher. Examples of transition words â€Å"Admittedly†¦ (state objection)† â€Å"On the one hand, some experts argue that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Conversely, some argue that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Some might object, claiming†¦Ã¢â‚¬  You can also use some questions, as: â€Å"Nonetheless, why†¦?† â€Å"However, does that†¦?† Try different combinations until you feel comfortable with them. Counter Argument Rebuttal One of the most pleasant parts of the essay is a counter-argument rebuttal. In this part, you discuss why you are right and why your counter argument is wrong, also, you show why your thesis is surpassing. This rebuttal should convince your reader that your thesis is correct and that overall counter argument is absolutely wrong. The best examples of the counter argument essays will show you how to refute properly. The more solid the rebuttal is, the more integral is your argument. Some very confident students can address how some parts of the counter argument provided are valid, however, that this validity doesn’t matter at all, for example, if they are irrelevant, or if they don’t address certain groundwork of the topic. The aim of the rebuttal is to show how the counter-argument isn’t consequent to the entire correctness of your thesis. It’s not necessary to follow a structure in your rebuttal paragraph; however, it might be very helpful. A more concrete structure is more comfortable for many students: Create an opening sentence that is strong and sums up the core of the argument you object. Admit the claims’ validity. Choose the transition to link it to a strong topic sentence, which clearly asserts why the counter-argument is completely wrong. Support the topic sentence with the experts’ research in the form of quotation or even paraphrase. Explain or expand the evidence of the expert, as well as its importance and significance. Provide some example from current events or even history to support your position and make your rebuttal stronger. A concluding sentence has to illustrate how exactly counter-argument fails and shows that the main argument was superior. Examples of Counter Argument Homeschooling On the one hand, some experts in child development claim that homeschooling has multiple benefits. It is one of the best options for too sensitive or creative children, for those who can’t succeed in traditional school. Besides, children who are trying to reach professional goals, such as athletes or musicians very often can’t attend school and homeschooling is the only alternative for them. Homeschooling allows adjusting the curriculum to the needs of the kid so the kid is able to succeed. Rebuttal Example Conversely, some argue that homeschooling might have some advantages, such as more attention on the student or more personalized lessons. However, those obvious â€Å"benefits† are liabilities to the development of a child. A unique environment offered by the traditional school forces a child to cope with the challenges, such as mean teachers, bullying, embarrassment, teasing, etc. The traditional school provides various unpleasant experiences. On the other hand, these experiences make the child develop and become stronger. Every successful person becomes successful only through competing against worthy opponents.   School environment stimulates students to overcome obstacles and improve themselves. According to Dalien, the traditional school prepares children for the real world by making them interact with different people. During lessons, children learn to work in groups and negotiate the world without parents supervising or intervening them. Homeschooling isn’t abl e to provide children with social skills which are so important for them to enter the world of adults. Drinking Age Nonetheless, why a young person can drive at 15 and go to the army at 18? Does it make sense that a person can drive all over the country, lose his or her life for the country, and still can’t order a glass of beer in a bar? America’s European neighbors raise their children with a less serious approach to alcohol. This makes the United States look too puritanical and old-fashioned. It makes the impression that America is raising young people who have an unhealthy attitude toward alcohol. Rebuttal Example Admittedly, the drinking age in America is higher than in other countries of the world, and there are certain reasons for that. The American nation has always been individual and not concerned about what other nations were doing. According to statistics, children usually manage to access alcohol drinks at an inappropriate age. Parents believe that a lowered drinking age would cause alcohol abuse among teenagers, and this concern is very essential. In the case the legal age to buy a drink is lowered, teenagers all across the country will drink and even over-drink. This is about human psychology. Moreover, it is necessary to know that 21 is not the random age chosen by Congress. The reason was that the number of young people killed annually in car accidents was twice higher before the 21 law was enacted in 1984. By the end of 2005, the selected drinking age saved about 25,000 lives in America, according to Dean-Mooney, 2008. Nothing can be more important than saving young lives. Thus, other laws related to age or what other nations think of us do not matter. Only keeping young people safe from those substances they can’t cope with because they are not wise enough to use them is important. Conclusion Creating a counter argument and refuting it gives you a chance to show your teacher your critical thinking abilities, and how you actually worked on your essay from different points of view. You show yourself as a refined student when admitting the validity of people who have a viewpoint different from your own. You can prove that you understand how your opponents think. And it is the quality of an experienced writer. Ability to add a counter argument and refute it makes you a better person, while you can consider things from others’ viewpoint. As a student, you should give counterargument and rebuttal examples until you are able to write your own ones. It will help you develop your critical thinking skills as well as emotional intelligence.

Disabled and Dulce et decorum est analysis

Disabled and Dulce et decorum est analysis Disabled and Dulce Et Decorum Est Disabled and Dulce Et Decorum EstWar has been part of human history since the beginning of creation. So as a result war has been very much part of our culture. As our culture has developed the way we record war. Poems have been used to communicate the experience of war. Poems provide us with a very personal insight on war. Wilfred Owen in his poems "dulce et deorum est" and "disabled" provide us with such an insight. His poem "Dulce et Deorum Est" talks about horror of the gas attacks faced by men on the front line while "Disabled" compares the life of a injured soldier to his past hopes and accomplishments.The first stanza of "Dulce et Decorum Est" immediately tells us how someone felt on the front. The words "bent double, like old beggars under sacks, knock-kneed, coughing like hags" convey that the soldiers are mentally and physically overwhelmed by their experience of war.This is particularly conveyed by the two similes, "like old beggars" and "like hags". The condition of the me n is also communicated by "men marched asleep". This tells us that the men were so weary that they marched as if they were dead. This is how the poet saw the soldiers around him.The second stanza is all about the experience of a gas attack. The words, "Gas! Gas! Quick, boys!" inform us that there is a real urgency and threat of the gas attack. As the masks were unreliable there was always a chance that you would be killed. The poet then gives a deeper more personal experience to the gas attacks by using the "-ing" conjunction to communicate that the poet was in the moment. He uses words like "stumbling", "floundering" and drowning". This is how the poet is trying to...

Critical Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example The commission considered that case to the Criminal Justice Department in order to punish the departmental wrong doings in the case of twin tower collapse. The bad thing is that, the commission at last agreed to compromise and referred all the case to the DG for the Defense and Transportation Department who on departmental behalf can call any official to prosecute in the Criminal Justice System. The case of NORAD was also suspicious in providing correct information. In order to cover up the pressing pressure from different media entities, Pentagon worked in a separate report that was focused on to find if the information submitted to Commission was wrong or not. The different stockpersons from the Pentagon said the report is in the draft shape and will be shared soon. Jones, Steve E. â€Å"Why Indeed Did the WTC Buildings Completely Collapse?† 2006. Web. July 5, 2011. This report by the Dr. Steve E. Jones is a controlled-demolition hypothesis that says that collapse of the WTC was not possible by the impact of airplanes and fire caused but by controlled by the installed cutter-charges. The important fact is that there is, US government has never investigated on the matter. The work by Dr. Jones is a scientific hypothesis that can be tested scientifically. The core findings include that collapse of the twin towers were a deliberate effort by authorities by implanting cutter-charges. The WTC 7 building that was never hit by any plane was demolished on its footprints. The building was a steel frame building that is hard to prove that the building collapse without any planted demolition devices. This work was reviewed by many scientists of PhD level and by physicist. This work by Dr. Jones provided lot of scientific information that collapse was not natural due to airplanes. It portrays high level of challenge to the authorities that say that the work collapse was due to airplanes crash in between them. The fire, fuel burning was analyzed with its power and other material in the building was also analyzed and then it was compared with the power required to demolish the building and found that impact of airplanes is not enough to cause the collapse. The WTC 7 then provides evidence that there is nothing that hit it as an airplane then why it gone demolished. New York Times. CBS News. â€Å"Poll†. Web. July 5, 2011. This was a poll that was done through telephonic methodology that tells about the opinion of the people to know what they think Bush Administration is telling truth, hiding something or lying about the event of 9/11. The polls have 4 percent of margin of error and its results were showing trends on the response. The more people were thinking that administration was lying and hiding the true facts from the people. The polls were taken for 2002 and 2006. The response rate for telling truth was 21 percent in 2002 and 16 percent in 2006. The response rate for hiding something was 65 percent in 2002 and 53 percent in 2006. For mostly lying, the only 8 percent in 2002 but it raised to 28 percent in 2006. These statistics shows that there is a deliberate segment of population who believes that the story is based on lies and it cannot be taken as completely rationale for taking part in the military efforts all over the world. People are

Theories of Cognitive Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories of Cognitive Development - Essay Example He named the stages according to the possible outcomes. Stages 5 to 8 explain the transition from childhood through death. During adolescence as explained in stage 5, children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future. During this period, they explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations. In young adulthood, people face the challenge of developing intimate relationships with others. Based on stage 6, if they do not succeed, they may become isolated and lonely. In stage 7, during young adulthood, people face the challenge of developing intimate relationships with others. If they do not succeed, they may become isolated and lonely. In old age, explained in stage 8, people examine their lives. They may either have a sense of contentment or be disappointed about their lives and fearful of the future. Leaders therefore should know how to provide the proper recognition to their subordinates to motivate them and it should be dynamic since needs differ with age. Jean Piaget's Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development. Jean Piaget conducted a program of naturalistic research that has profoundly affected our understanding of child development. He called his general theoretical framework genetic epistemology because he was primarily interested in how knowledge developed in human organisms. The concept of cognitive structure is central to his theory (Piaget, 1985). Cognitive structures are patterns of physical or mental action that underlie specific acts of intelligence and correspond to stages of child development. The formal operational stage begins at approximately age twelve and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. He believes that deductive logic becomes important during the formal operational stage. Deductive logic requires the ability to use a general principle to determine a specific outcome. According to him, while children tend to think very concretely and specifi cally in earlier stages, the ability to think about abstract concepts emerges during the formal operational stage. Instead of relying solely on previous experiences, children begin to consider possible outcomes and consequences of actions. During the formal operational stage, he asserts that the ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodical way emerges. It is therefore a guide for leaders that problem solving skills should be developed because it yields more efficient subordinates. Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development. Lawrence Kohlberg focused on moral development and has proposed a stage theory of moral thinking which goes well beyond Piaget's initial formulations (Kohlberg, 1971). In stage 1, the child assumes that powerful authorities hand down a fixed set of rules which he or she must unquestioningly obey. In stage 2 children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints. Since everything is relative, each person is free to pursue his or her individual interests. Within stage 3, children see morality as more than simple deals. They believe that people should live up to the expectations of the family and community and behave in good ways. In stage 4 the emphasis is on obeying laws, respecting

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 8

Final paper - Essay Example Natural law is based on the independence of supernatural considerations and natural foundations. Natural law has two perspectives: the transcendental and evolutionary. The due process was developed to ensure that individuals had their rights and freedoms portrayed and that they had a fair trial in defending themselves in the court. The crime control method, was however, implemented to ensure that weak cases were finished up easily and discarded as soon as possible; the model ensures that bigger cases, which are important, would get more attention from the courts thus an earlier conviction (Dautrich and Yalof, 2012). The due process aims to ensure that a person in any contact with a criminal agency cannot have his/her rights refused minus the appropriate applicable legal measures. The basis of this model is that a person has some fundamental rights that are needed to be upheld by a criminal agency. The model has less faith in the justice system compared to the crime control method. However, the model is useful because it controls the forcible powers of the agencies; and if there is an error or mistake, the accused can defend them. Thus, the principal aim of the model is to create a system that the accused is assumed innocent until his/her guilt is proven by the court of law (Dautrich and Yalof 2012). The crime control model condemns a person for performing an action which is perceived to be criminal. The model prioritizes the conviction of individuals who have committed a crime yet they do not want the court system to decide them. The model is focused on conviction and innocent individuals may end up being convicted for the model to achieve its goal. The model comprises of some assumptions: justification of rights for the victimized, heavy dependence on the prosecutorial events and the deduction of guilt (Kraska 2004). The crime model is a conservative

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Film analysis - Essay Example The film was also novel in terms of starring women in its 130 speaking roles including the animals like horses or dogs shown in the film. This all-female film earned the director the title of â€Å"women’s director†. The film ‘The Women’ received a volley of criticism and it is quite evident for an all-female film that it would be subjected to feminist interpretation. The absence of men completely denies the fact or dejection of the concept pertaining to â€Å"the female as an object of gaze†. A consistent mark of heterosexuality and that of bleak mark of lesbianism is noticed in the film through the character of Nancy Blake. Heterosexuality in the pre-war era among the high class societies is a predominant theme of the film. The film ‘The Women’ is circular in nature and the final scene of the film shows the predicament and fulfils the beginning discourse of the film. The final scene of the movie is not only the concluding scene but it is also a sumptuous scene indeed. Divorce was a social taboo at that point of time when the film was made. Naturally, Cukor knew it well that his audience amid this oestrogen stimulating movie would love to watch Mary rushing out from the party to finally succumb to the waiting arms of Stephen, her infidel husband. Mary learns about her foolishness and a close shot with a narrow frame gets focused on the facial expression of Mary. Norma Shearer excellently portrays the expression most apt for this scene and the play of light and shadow with the to and fro fine agile movement of the camera enables to capture a tight-lipped close shot of Shearer’s expression specially her eyes that captivated a sense of longing, desire to fall back on the arms of the beloved and pinning to replenish all that she has lost becomes evident when Mary is shown rushing out of the party hall almost in the vein of a bullet from the gun through the movement and language of camera. The background score, building a climactic appeal

Banana supply chain Australia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Banana supply chain Australia - Term Paper Example This is supported by the fact that almost the whole population has a banana at least a day. This is represented by over 95% of the general population. To meet this demand, there is need for mass production and an efficient supply chain in order to reach the consumers on time. Statistics indicate that the small scale farmers are the main suppliers of the bananas within the Australian market. North Queensland is the religion that is said to be very productive (Peckham 2011). It is the core region from where most of the bananas come from. Ingham is said to be one of the most productive region supplying the highest percent to the market. It is therefore imperative to note that most of the bananas are grown from the northern part of the country and have to be transported to the southern part. This is owing to the fact that most of the towns and population is found in the southern parts. For that reason, it is imperative to have an elaborate transport network that will ensure timely supply of products to the market. Supply chain It is indicated that the banana supply chain in Australia varies from place to place depending on the preference of the farmers (Nossal, 2009). One of the major supply chains however, is where there is the presence of an agent, who supplies to the wholesalers. The latter sell to the retailers who later sell the bananas in low quantities to the customers. The other common ones are from the farmers who sell directly to large wholesales, who also sell to the retailers. Finally, certain large retailers are also able to purchase directly from the farmers and then later to the customers. The latter is preferred by most marketers since there is little damage that is incurred during the transportation of the bananas to the market. This is owing to the fact that banana is a very delicate product and also very perishable. Big losses are incurred in the process of transportation especially where they have to be transported to large distances. For that r eason, there is a plan within the local market to bring the number of middlemen as low as possible. The main type of transportation network is the highway roads which connect directly from the farmers to the large markets in the southern parts of the market. Large trucks are loaded with the bananas and have to transport them over long distances. For instance, one of the longest distances is said to be 2,600km in order to reach the consumers (Nellemann 2009). This therefore indicates that there is need to have a reliable transport network that will not affect the supply of bananas. The price of bananas has been on the rise hitting as high as 5 dollars per kilogram. There are various factors that are said to contribute to this high prices ranging from weakening of the dollar as well as low supply. The latter is caused by among other factors poor weather conditions and effects on the roads (Nossal, 2009). Farmers also face losses owing to the adverse weather conditions that affect the countries from time to time. Most of the farmers who rely entirely on the rains may not produce enough or quality bananas that can compete favorably in the market. It is also indicated that some of the agents take advantage of the farmers by purchasing the bananas at low prices. This kind of exploitation denies most of the farmers enough capital to increase productivity. Factors affecting the supply chain The

HRM INCIDENT 1 - Should He Be Fired Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HRM INCIDENT 1 - Should He Be Fired - Case Study Example There are certain situations that an employer needs critically to evaluate before deciding whether to fire or discipline an employee (Paetkau, 2007). Firing an employee means that an employee has to leave his or her job, while disciplining might mean suspending the employee with or without pay or resorting to corrective action based on the offence. Toni Berdit, area supervisor for Quick-Stop, a chain of convenience stores in Washington D.C was on his normal supervisory duty on one of the Sundays in the Center Street Store. According to the company’s policy, when the safe is being emptied, the manager has to be present, and the employee present has to place each $ 1000 in a brown bag and leave it on the floor next to the safe until the manager checks to be sure that the amount is accurate. That day Bill decided to save the supervisor’s time, as he was not there when the safe was being emptied; so he had counted the money before he arrived. The store got busy, and Bill accidentally mistook one of the moneybags for a bag that contained the customer’s groceries while packing, so he put the money in with the groceries. The supervisor arrived later on, and after noticing the money was missing, they began searching. Lucky enough the customer came back and handed the bag of money. Bill had violated the money-count ing procedure, so he was prior to losing his job. He complained to Toni how this would have a bad impact on his family and even promised to be the best store manager they could ever get in case he’s not fired. Toni then called his boss and after his approval, Bill was not fired. I agree with Toni’s decision of not firing Bill. This is because although the company’s policy was to terminate anyone who violated the procedure, it happened once and for the first time. Firing employees is not healthy for an organization because if Bill were fired, the company would have been forced to

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Film analysis - Essay Example The film was also novel in terms of starring women in its 130 speaking roles including the animals like horses or dogs shown in the film. This all-female film earned the director the title of â€Å"women’s director†. The film ‘The Women’ received a volley of criticism and it is quite evident for an all-female film that it would be subjected to feminist interpretation. The absence of men completely denies the fact or dejection of the concept pertaining to â€Å"the female as an object of gaze†. A consistent mark of heterosexuality and that of bleak mark of lesbianism is noticed in the film through the character of Nancy Blake. Heterosexuality in the pre-war era among the high class societies is a predominant theme of the film. The film ‘The Women’ is circular in nature and the final scene of the film shows the predicament and fulfils the beginning discourse of the film. The final scene of the movie is not only the concluding scene but it is also a sumptuous scene indeed. Divorce was a social taboo at that point of time when the film was made. Naturally, Cukor knew it well that his audience amid this oestrogen stimulating movie would love to watch Mary rushing out from the party to finally succumb to the waiting arms of Stephen, her infidel husband. Mary learns about her foolishness and a close shot with a narrow frame gets focused on the facial expression of Mary. Norma Shearer excellently portrays the expression most apt for this scene and the play of light and shadow with the to and fro fine agile movement of the camera enables to capture a tight-lipped close shot of Shearer’s expression specially her eyes that captivated a sense of longing, desire to fall back on the arms of the beloved and pinning to replenish all that she has lost becomes evident when Mary is shown rushing out of the party hall almost in the vein of a bullet from the gun through the movement and language of camera. The background score, building a climactic appeal

HRM INCIDENT 1 - Should He Be Fired Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HRM INCIDENT 1 - Should He Be Fired - Case Study Example There are certain situations that an employer needs critically to evaluate before deciding whether to fire or discipline an employee (Paetkau, 2007). Firing an employee means that an employee has to leave his or her job, while disciplining might mean suspending the employee with or without pay or resorting to corrective action based on the offence. Toni Berdit, area supervisor for Quick-Stop, a chain of convenience stores in Washington D.C was on his normal supervisory duty on one of the Sundays in the Center Street Store. According to the company’s policy, when the safe is being emptied, the manager has to be present, and the employee present has to place each $ 1000 in a brown bag and leave it on the floor next to the safe until the manager checks to be sure that the amount is accurate. That day Bill decided to save the supervisor’s time, as he was not there when the safe was being emptied; so he had counted the money before he arrived. The store got busy, and Bill accidentally mistook one of the moneybags for a bag that contained the customer’s groceries while packing, so he put the money in with the groceries. The supervisor arrived later on, and after noticing the money was missing, they began searching. Lucky enough the customer came back and handed the bag of money. Bill had violated the money-count ing procedure, so he was prior to losing his job. He complained to Toni how this would have a bad impact on his family and even promised to be the best store manager they could ever get in case he’s not fired. Toni then called his boss and after his approval, Bill was not fired. I agree with Toni’s decision of not firing Bill. This is because although the company’s policy was to terminate anyone who violated the procedure, it happened once and for the first time. Firing employees is not healthy for an organization because if Bill were fired, the company would have been forced to

Injustice in the Adversarial System Essay Example for Free

Injustice in the Adversarial System Essay Donald Black discussed in his book The Behavior of Law, when a society begins to grow and become more complex so does its legal system. The United States uses a system that may no longer be fit for handling all the complex problems it is faced with. Society has come to learn through the justice system that truth is very hard to find. The nature of the adversarial process may prevent it from reaching the true goal of every legal system: justice. This writing argues that the system in place now is not the correct one for the stage society is in now. The adversarial process in place does not search for the core values of â€Å"Justice† and â€Å"Truth†; its inadequacies create errors in the legal system. The legal system should abolish its value of â€Å"winning at all cost† and the methods it uses to achieve this outcome. This paper will not only shed light on the flaws in the legal system, but present other structures that may be better suited for the present stage of society. Blueprint A few brief critiques of the adversarial process include that during a trial procedure both sides are given the opportunity to present facts to the jury or judge, this allows attorneys to withhold evidence and benefit the side they represent. This confuses the courts instead of elucidating the truth. Cases such as this should not be able to come to a guilty or not guilty verdict, because guilt cannot be proven with a degree of accuracy (Meadow, 1996). Stratification in law does lead to inequality and perpetuates injustice in society. The procedure that is used in our criminal justice system has the ability to lead to a false confession and create mistrust in the system. Bias in our legal system does lead to injustice. All of these factors do create injustice in our legal system by sending innocent people to prison and/or by letting convicted felons free. There are many theories in how to solve the problems with the adversarial process and the legal system in general, but society must change the way it reasons before anything can truly change. History of Common Law and the Adversarial Process To better understand the adversarial process it must first explain through its history and origins. Common law practice developed the adversarial process; England adopted common law and made its practice known throughout the world. Legislators began codifying the law, this later became common law. It was written so that it could be interpreted by the court system. When the courts make a decision in how that law is to be applied it is preserved, and able to be used as a guideline for other cases of the same nature. This proved to be a problem, decisions made by judges were based on the customs of the time period, which became rigid and did not easily allow for change (Cantor, 1997). The English form of common law prohibited representation in court however, during the eighteenth century some courts where beginning to allow legal representation in English common law. Eventually as time progressed, the role legal representation, lawyers, would grow and be more influential in society. The part the Lawyers played in the court system would eventually be the aspect that separated the adversarial process implemented today in the United States from the processes in England. Law became more and more complex so the use of lawyers or professionals of the law was essential in American law making. New research by Randolph N. Jonakait, New York Law School professor, suggests that the United States adopted an adversarial process that somewhat resembled the English model at the time. Besides the already mention use of lawyers, the U.S differed greatly from England, during the 18th century; America had prosecution with a public defender present in the court room compared to no legal representation for the accused in the English model. Also in New Jersey around the same time period, attorneys usually appeared for the prosecution and the defense which in England was rarely practiced. These findings demonstrate that the United States was a forerunner in the creation of the adversarial process that is present today (Jonakait, 2009). Search for Truth: Lawyers and Their Tactics One of the main concepts of the adversarial system is the oppositional presentation of facts. The belief behind this is it will discover all truths to the matter. This leads to the conclusion of the first flaw: that realistically everyone involved in the case is not in search of the truth. â€Å"Lawyers are more apt to hide the evidence that is not favorable to their side regardless of whether it would prove the innocence or guilt of the person on trial† (Schroeder, 2012). Clients hire lawyers to win; the economic state of the client is directly related to the skill level of the lawyer they can afford. Lawyers who are more expensive will use any tactics necessary to ensure a win. The search for truth is not a key value; it’s keeping your client pleased, being the defendant or the state. Attorneys are known to use questionable tactics so that they have the best possibility of winning their case. These tactics include: creating doubt in the jury of guilt or innocence, or even by hiding evidence from the jurors. The search for truth and the execution of justice cannot be fully performed if lawyers proceed to use unethical tactics. Solutions to the Hiding of Evidence A purposed solution to hiding evidence can be demonstrated with a value demonstrated from the inquisitorial system, everyone in the court room works together in search for the truth and justice. The judges, or investigative magistrate, are trained in their profession, taking specific schooling about law making them a vital resource to the legal system. While court is proceeding the judge is allowed to ask questions to keep a case in order. Using a system that does not glorify winning would help the hindering of evidence and other tactics being eradicated form the court room. Although, one flaw with this system is the judge is granted too much power and control over the proceeding, more justice is still found here searching for truth. Stratification in Law It is proven that â€Å"once arrested, black and minority defendants are fare worse in the criminal justice system than their white counter parts† (Westervely Humphrey, 115, 2008). This is due to racial stratification in law and a bias based on race in convictions. Instrumentalist would say law is used to dominate groups, and is structured so that it can benefit certain groups by disadvantaging other groups, by allowing this to happen it perpetuates inequality (Bucher, 2012). Many minorities are unable to pay for legal representation; in this situation the courts provide representation for them. This disadvantages minority individuals in low social class because they lack resources to secure a good lawyer, while high social status clients are able to easily obtain skilled lawyers. This perpetuates stratification because upper class individuals can evade the penalties of the legal system, unlike lower class individuals who cannot afford strong legal representation (Vago, 2012). Marxist theorists would confirm that laws serve the interest of the upper class, and because they use them like a tool, keep the upper class in power. This reinforces inequality in society through the criminal justice system, because the upper class will always be able to have access to more resources they will also always use those resources against the lower class (Bucher, 2012). Process in Criminal Justice Is Justice Served? The pressure felt in a case created by media and the public eye have the ability to cause investigations to be sped up. The endangers the adversarial process to make mistakes and possibly out of convenience and pressure convict the first person they think committed the crime. Once police officers make an arrest they tend to not pursue any other possible leads until the person they have in custody is proven to be innocent. This hurts the search for truth because officers become close minded and search only for evidence to convict that individual. Another factor that can deter the search for truth is false confessions. False confessions, among other factors, are commonly created due to unethical interrogation tactics or confused eye witnesses testimony. â€Å"A confession is one of the most powerful pieces of evidence that can be presented in court† (Westervely Humphrey, 36, 2008). Even if the confession is false, juries have been known to take into consideration testimony even when told not to. False confessions are usually given by suspects who are coerced, confused, have doubt in-self, or shame. All this can be attributed to the psychological games used by interrogators, intentional or unintentional (Gudjonsson, 1992). Can true justice be served when police use unethical tactics to get their confession? This is a question scholars who study ethics have pondered with for decades. Bias in Law There are many principles to consider when a jury is deciding a verdict. Racial beliefs, media and number of factors can influence a jury’s verdict (David F. Hall, 1984). Since each individual interprets the process of the trial differently it greatly influences the decision of case. The way society is socialized leads to certain bias to people of different races, genders, sexuality, and backgrounds. These factors greatly influence a cases outcome, even though lawyers are allowed to select their jury it is impossible to know each person individually (Albonetti and Hagan, 1982). In common law, legislature creates the laws that are written down and left for interpretation by the judges of the court, this is called statutory interpretation (Bucher, 2012). The strength of this system of law is the ability that law has to change; downfall is that it leaves room for bias in the interpretation of law. Some scholars suggest that law and the legal system is patriarchal. The feminist legal theory suggests that the legal system is male dominated and perpetuates gender discrimination (Bucher, 2012). Language can be biased in law; the United States suffers from this weakness. In the Declaration of Independence biased language is evident. â€Å"All Men Are Created Equal† a line from the Declaration of independence has brought forth discussion and conflict because of biases behind the words. Women have fought for their rights to be considered equal because society takes the patriarchal documents literal, progress is slowly made. Everything, including law, can be interpreted differently, making the judge’s job detrimental to the court process. The discretion of the authority in the court system, although important, also creates inconsistency in the legal system. African Americans account for 49.4 percent of the 1.3 million Americans in prison (Westervely Humphrey, 2008). Two different theories can explain the bias in society that explains the high population of African Americans. These theories are the Individual Explanation Theory and the Structural Explanation Theory. Individual Explanation Theory This theory focuses on the behavior and traits of those involved in a trial. Racism is a factor in explaining why an innocent person is tried. This happens because the adversarial system does not focus on searching for the truth and allows the jury to makes a decision on beliefs and prejudices of a certain race. Stereotyping is also included when a jury convicts someone on account of preconceived notions of a group (Westervely Humphrey, 2008). Structural Explanation Theory This theory provides two explanations for the bias. The first is the Blalocks Power-Threat Hypothesis. The hypothesis states that the increase in minority conviction is due to whites trying to keep power and control over minority races by disadvantaging them. The second explanation states that the treatment of minorities in the criminal justice system is a reflection of societal beliefs. â€Å"Equality in the criminal justice system is not possible until everything else is equal† (Westervely Humphrey, 128, 2008). Plea-Bargains and its deficiencies Due to the amount of offenders that go through the U.S. court systems prosecutors are more likely to use plea-bargains to settle cases quickly. â€Å"It is estimated that roughly 90-95 percent of all criminal convictions are arrived through plea–bargains† (Vago, 118). This tactic can be linked to stratification and inequality, when a person on trial does not have the finances for a good lawyer the assumption is that they will lose. This makes a plea-bargain more appealing, as it is the best option to avoid a longer sentence (Kipnis, 1976). â€Å"The Standing Committee on Legal Aid and Indigent Defendants summarized the state of representation as follows: â€Å"Overall, there is abundant evidence in this report that defense services for the poor are inadequately funded. As a result, millions of persons who have a constitutional right to counsel are denied effective legal representation†Ã¢â‚¬  (Mosteller, 2011). This is another factor to cause change in the legal system so that truth can properly be found. The ability to plea-guilty hinders the search for truth and justice. In the inquisitorial system guilty pleas and plea-bargaining are not allowed so that the system can properly search for the truth. It does not give the accused rights, unlike the United States. While in the United States the adversarial process gives the accused the ability to plead guilty for a lesser sentence which some would consider â€Å"soft† on crime. In the adversarial process after a confession is given, the investigation is typically over even if the individual is innocent. In the inquisitorial system a confession is not warranted since it is the duty of the court to come up with evidence and prove guilt (Berger, 1972). Injustice With all this bias in our legal system this gives room for errors in justice. â€Å"An error in justice is any departure from an optimal outcome of justice for a criminal case† (Frost, 2004). There are two types of errors that can be described: systematic and random. Systematic is when there is an error within the law that consistently creates injustice. When a law is in enacted and it oppresses a certain group consistently this is systematic injustice. Random errors are created while criminal justice officials are enforcing the law and the error is sporadic (Frost, 2004). Both of these can create errors of due process, which is when the rights of the accused are violated. The first error is miscarriage of justice; an example of this is when an innocent man is convicted of a crime. The second type of error of due process is error of impunity, when an error in the procedure of due process is committed and as a result guilty convict is set free. Both of these do create great mistrust in the legal system and deter people from getting involved within its legal processes (Sherman, 2002). This can lead to what Black was suggesting when he stated that law will shift back to a more primitive family based form of sanctions, because of mistrust in the authority that was supposed to protect them. Change With new understandings of societal factors (race, gender, sexuality) the adversarial system needs to be revised so that it aids the search for truth or it will be blinded by these factors. Society has grown complex and so has its problems with in the legal system. The courts must come up with different resolutions for crimes and convictions, not just a â€Å"one size fits all solution†. In essence the adjudication system is not wrong, but the misuse of evidence and human error leads to mistakes. One might ask should we change the adversarial system entirely or fix the many flaws within the system. The current process being used relies on the state (prosecutor) to determine if the court should or shouldn’t present the evidence accumulated from the crime, or if that would benefit the accused in some way. All evidence should be given to a neutral party, such as the court, and have the court system decide what should be done. This would remove the ability of the prosecutor to hide facts that could be essential to the investigation (Westervely Humphrey, 2008). In an ideal system the court should base their decision after learning all the facts, without any evidence withheld from either side. There can be a mixture of different processes, which can better achieve justice in a complex society. For example, a different process would be needed to determine if a dangerous criminal is guilty than that of finding parental rights. Forms such as the inquisitorial investigation, mediation, private problem-solving, group negotiating processes could be used to search for truth. Conclusion The adversarial systems values do not match what the goals of the system should be. In the ideal system restorative and rehabilitation justice would be utilized to the fullest in order to help the people going through the criminal justice process learn and become productive members of society. Society’s beliefs are that of retribution and vengeance. Society as a whole wants to see criminals punished for crimes that they feel where committed upon them. To completely change the beliefs of the criminal justice system, society needs to change its values from retribution and vengeance, to a form of justice that will help society instead of looking for revenge. Values in the criminal justice system represent what that society believes in. The belief in winning shouldn’t be enforced, like the adversarial process has done, because it does not accomplish what the main goal of the criminal justice system is: to provide justice to the citizens of the country the system serves, along with the search for truth. The values of rehabilitation and restoration should be the foundation on which we build our new system. If this is done than our society will begin to help its self in creating a strong nation that is just and true. References Albonetti, Celesta and Hagan, John. Race, Class, and the Perception of Criminal Injustice in America. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 88, No. 2 (Sep., 1982), pp. 329-355 Berger, Moise. The Case Against Plea-Bargaining. American Bar Association Journal. Vol 62.pg621.(1972) Black, Donald. The Behavior of Law. The University of Michigan, Academic Press. 1976 Bucher, Jacob. Law and Society. Lectures. Baker University. 2012 Cantor, Norman F. Imagining the law: Common law and the foundations of the American legal system. HarperCollins Publishers (New York). 1997. David F. Hall et al., Post event Information and Changes in Recollection for a Natural Event, in Eyewitness Testimony: Psychological Perspectives124 (Gary L. Wells Elizabeth F. Loftus eds., 1984) Frost, Brian. Errors of Justice: Nature, Sources, and Remedies. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.2004. Gudjonsson, Gisli H. The psychology of interrogations, confessions and testimony. Wiley series in psychology of crime, policing and law. Oxford, England: John Wiley Sons. (1992). xii 362 pp. Humphrey, John A. Westervely, Saundra D. Wrongly Convicted: Perspectives on Failed Justice. Rutgers State University Press. 2008 Jonakait, Randolph N. The Rise of the American Adversary System: American Before England. New York Law School. Widner Law Review. V14.2009. Kipnis, Kenneth. Criminal Justice and the Negotiated Plea. The University of Chicago Press. Ethics , Vol. 86, No. 2 (Jan., 1976), pp. 93-106 Meadow, Carrie M. The Trouble with the Adversarial System in a Postmodern, Multicultural World. William and Mary Law Review. V.38. 1996. Merrill B. Hintikka Jaakko Hintikka, How Can Language Be Sexist?, in Discovering Reality, supra note 31, at 139. Mosteller, Robert P. Failures of the American Adversarial System to Protect the Innocent and Conceptual Advantages in the Inquisitorial Design for Investigative Fairness.2011. University of North Carolina School of Law. Sherman, Lawrence W. Trust and Confidence in Criminal Justice. NIJ Journal, March (2002): 23-31. Vago, Steven. Law and Society. Pearson Education, Practice Hall.2012.

History of Chemotherapy and Cancer Treatment Research

History of Chemotherapy and Cancer Treatment Research An Early Victory A few doors from Freireichs office at the NCI, Min Chiu Li and Roy Hertz had been studying choriocarcinoma, a cancer of the placenta, which often metastasizes rapidly into the lung and the brain. Choriocarcinoma cells secrete a hormone called choriogonadotropin. The level of that hormone, also called the hcg level, was used by Li to track the course of the cancer as it responded to the therapy. In 1956, a young woman called Ethel Longoria suffered from choriocarcinoma that had metastasized to her lungs. Her tumors had begun to bleed into the linings of her lungs. Li and Hertz stabilized her and then treated her with methotrexate. After the first dose, when the doctors left for the night, they didnt expect that theyd find her in rounds the next morning. But she was alive. After four rounds of therapies, her tumor disappeared; the chest X-ray improved; and the hcg level rapidly plummeted toward zero. The tumors had actually vanished with chemotherapy. The trouble was the hcg level had not gone all the way to zero. Although the tumor seemed to have vanished, Li continued to treat her with chemotherapy based on her elevated hCG levels. The NCI administration disapproved, feeling that Li was experimenting on his patients, and fired him in July 1957. However, Li was ultimately proven to be right. Those patients whose chemotherapy were stopped once the visible tumors disappeared inevitably relapsed, while those who continued the treatment until their hcg levels had gone to zero were cured. Li had stumbled on a fundamental principle of oncology: Cancer needed to be systemically treated long after every visible sign of it had vanished. Mice and Men Adding vincristine to the arsenal of chemotherapy drugs had put the researchers at the NCI in a bind. It would take forever for the consortium to finish its trials because of the large number of permutations and combinations of drugs needed to be tested. Howard Skipper, a scientist from Alabama, provided Frei and Freireich a way out of the impasse. Skipper, who called himself a mouse doctor, was an outsider to the NCI. He had tested chemotherapy drugs in mice with leukemia, lymphomas and solid tumors as models for human cancers and came up with two pivotal findings: Chemotherapy kills a fixed percentage of cancer cells per treatment. The patients would need to be treated multiple times to get the compounded iterative effect; and Chemotherapy drugs are more effective when given in combination to optimize cancer killing capacity while minimizing drug resistance and side effects. Freireich and Frei were now ready to tackle a four-drug regimen known as VAMP, with each letter standing for one drug. VAMP When Frei and Freireich presented their preliminary plan for VAMP to the Acute Leukemia Group B (ALGB) at a national meeting on blood cancers, the audience hesitated. The group refused to sponsor VAMP until the many other trials had been completed. But Frei Came up with a compromise: VAMP would be studied at the NCI, outside the purview of the ALGB. The VAMP trial was launched in 1961. At the end of three intensively painful weeks, the leukemia cells went into remission. The remissions persisted for weeks, exceeding everyones expectation at the NCI. A few weeks later, the NCI sent another small cohort of patients to try VAMP. Once again, after the initial catastrophic dip, the leukemia vanished. The remissions were reliable and durable. In the fall of 1963, some children in remission came back to the clinic with minor neurological complaints such as headaches, numbness, and seizures. To investigate the possibility of cancer cells invading the brain, Frei and Freireich examined the childrens spinal fluid, and confirmed that leukemia cells were colonizing the brain. The neurological complaints were early signs of a more serious devastation. Eventually all the children came back with neurological complaints went into coma. It was a consequence of the bodys own defense system. The blood-brain barrier had kept VAMP out of the central nervous system, allowing the leukemia cells to colonize the one place that is unreachable by chemotherapy. But not all children had relapsed and died. About 5 percent of the treated children never relapsed with leukemia in the central nervous system. They remained in remission not just for weeks or months, but for years. An Anatomists Tumor In 1832, an English anatomist named Thomas Hodgkin (1798-1866) found a strange systemic disease among a series of cadavers. The disease was characterized by a peculiar enlargement of lymph glands. He wrote up the case of seven such cadavers and presented it to the Medical and Chirurgical Society. It was received with little enthusiasm. Soon after publishing his paper, Hodgkin drift away from medicine, and his anatomical studies slowly came to a halt. Hodgkins disease is a cancer of the lymph glands. The tumor moves from one contiguous node to another. It is a local disease on the verge of transforming into a systemic one. In 1898, an Austrian pathologist named Carl Sternberg discovered the cancerous lymph cells when looking through a microscope at a patients glands. Henry Kaplan, a professor of radiology at Stanford wanted to use radiation to treat human cancers. He knew radiation could treat solid tumors could be treated with radiation, but the outer shell of the cancer needed to be penetrated deep enough to kill cancer cells. A linear accelerator (linac) with its sharp, dense beam would be ideal for that purpose. In 1953, he persuaded Standford to tailor-make a linac for the hospital. With the linac in operation, Kaplan contemplated on his cancer target. Since Linac could only focus on local sites, his natural target was Hodgkins disease, a predictable local tumor. Kaplan wanted to prove that he could improve relapse-free survival by using a technique called extended field radiation (EFR). Under EFR, the X-rays are delivered to an entire area of lymph notes rather than to a single swollen node. In 1962, Kaplan conducted a trial. The result showed that EFR had significantly reduced the relapse rate of Hodgkins disease. In 1964, he did another trial with a larger field of radiation on a limited cohort of patients with tumors in just a few contiguous lymph nodes. The result showed even greater relapse-free intervals, stretching out into years. Wasnt the logic of extended field radiation similar to radical surgery -carving out larger and larger areas for treatment? Why did Kaplan succeed where others had failed? Kaplan was successful because he restricted radiotherapy to patients with early stage local cancers. Those are the natural disease for radiotherapy. Advanced-stage cancers are inherently different and would require other forms of treatment. An Army on the March In 1963 at the NCI Clinical Center in Bethesda, a group of researchers, including Zubrod, George Canellos, Frei, Freireich, and Vincent DeVita were making a list of cytotoxic drugs on one side of a blackboard. On the other side was a list of new cancers they want to target breast, ovarian, lymphomas, lung cancers. Connecting between the two lists were lines matching combinations of drugs to cancers. One question that came to their mind was whether chemotherapy could ever cure patients with any advanced cancers. The only way to answer that generic question was to direct the growing army of drugs against other cancers. They knew leukemia responded to combination chemotherapy. If another kind of cancer also responded to that strategy, then combination chemotherapy might cure all cancers. To test the principle, they focused on Hodgkins disease-a cancer that was both solid and liquid, a stepping-stone between leukemia and, say, breast cancer or lung cancer. Kaplan had proved that radiation therapy can cure local forms of Hodgkins disease. If they could prove that combination chemotherapy can cure metastatic Hodgkins disease, then the equation would be fully solved. In 1964, DeVita led the test of combination chemotherapy for metastatic Hodgkins disease. He combined four drugs-nitrogen mustard, oncovin, prednisone, and procarbasine into a highly toxic cocktail called MOPP. The nausea that accompanied the therapy was devastating. The toxic cocktail had weakened the immune system allowing pneumocystis carinii (PCP), a rare form of pneumonia, to sprout up. The therapy had caused permanent sterility in men and some women. The result of the study was remarkable. At the end of six months, 35 of the 43 patients had a complete remission. The most disturbing side effect would emerge a decade later. Several patients, cured of Hodgkins disease, would relapse with a second cancer, typically a drug-resistant leukemia caused by the prior MOPP therapy. *** In May 1968, Frei and Freireichs VAMP combination chemo had cured most of the children with leukemia in their bone marrow, but not the leukemia that had spread to their brain. A 36-year-old oncologist name Donald Pinkel thought that VAMP had not been intensive enough. Pinkel, a protà ©gà © of Farbers, had been recruited from Boston to start the leukemia program at St. Judess Hospital in Memphis. He determined to push the logic of combination chemotherapy to its limit with four crucial innovations: To use combinations of combinations of drugs mixed and matched together for maximum effect; To instill chemotherapy directly into the nervous system via the spinal cord; To kill residual cells in the brain by high-dose radiation; and To continue chemotherapy for month after month, even after the cancer seemed to have disappeared. The treatment protocol started with the standard chemotherapy drugs given in rapid-fire succession. The spinal canal was injected with methotrexate at defined intervals. The brain was irradiated with high doses of X-rays. The treatment lasted up to 30 months. It was an all-out combat. In July 1968, the St. Judes team published its results: Twenty-seven out of the thirty-one treated had a complete remission. Ten had never relapsed. The median time to relapse had increased to five years. By 1979, 278 patients had completed their chemotherapy. About 20 percent had relapsed, 80 percent was still in complete remission, disease free, after chemotherapy. The Cart and the House By the fall of 1968, the successes of the trials in Bethesda and in Memphis shifted the landscape of cancer therapy. The success of chemotherapy for both leukemia and Hodgkins disease made it seem like a unifying solution for cancer. In Boston, Farber celebrated the news by throwing a public party. He recast the occasion as the symbolic twenty-first birthday of Jimmy. Conspicuously missing from the guest list was the original Jimmy himself-Einar Gustafson. The real Jimmy had returned to a private life in Maine, where he now lived with his wife and three kids. As clinical oncologists were offering their unifying solution for cancer, cancer scientists were offering its unifying cause: viruses. The grandfather of this theory was Peyton Rous, a chicken virologist at the Rockefeller Institute in New York. In 1911, Rous discovered that a malignant tumor growing on a chicken could be transferred to another chicken by exposing the healthy bird to a filtrate derived from the tumor cells. He concluded that the cancer was transmitted by a virus. This virus is now known as the Rous sarcoma virus, or RSV. This discovery had set off a frantic search for more cancer viruses. In 1958, an Irish surgeon named Denis Burkitt discovered an aggressive form of lymphoma among children in Africa. Analyzing the cancer cells from these children, two British virologists discovered a human virus inside them. The new virus was named Epstein-Barr virus or EBV. Because viral diseases were potentially preventable, the NCI inaugurated a Special Virus Cancer Program in the early 1960s to systematically hunt for human cancer viruses. The cancer virus theory needed a deeper explanation: how might viruses cause a cell to become malignant? The success of cytotoxic chemotherapy raised a fundamental question: how would the therapy, the cure, connect with the cause of the cancer? As Kenneth Endicott, the NCI director, acknowledged in 1963: The program directed by the National Cancer Institute has been derided as one that puts the cart before the horse by searching for a cure before knowing the cause. But for Mary Lasker, this cart would have to drag the horse.

Abortion in Australia Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essay

Abortion in Australia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our world today is full of unsolved, devisive and controversial issues. Most of them relate to our morals, ethics and religion, thus creating a very strong ‘yes’ and ‘no’, or ‘good’ and ‘bad’ side. Like the Chinese Yin and Yang sign, abortion has a very prominent ‘black’ and ‘white’ side but also contains traces of each in the alternating colour. This shows that if you were to come to any kind of conclusion on abortion, there would still be a downside to it, and that is primarily why the world cannot agree on this sensitive and emotional issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being female myself, I can understand why a woman would want to have an abortion. Being pregnant and wishing you weren’t is probably the worst feeling a woman can have. Knowing that if you brought a child into the world and you didn’t want it, or you would have to give it up for adoption is such a disheartening way to start off, and you and the un-born child would be so much better off if you were to terminate the pregnancy and wait for a more appropriate time, or in the case of rape, put the past behind you and move on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Society has attached a stigma to abortion. When we hear of women having abortions, we seem to automatically think that she wasn’t careful enough, or she didn’t use contraception. We forget to stop and think about the other possible reasons she may have accidentally become pregnant. Just forgetting to take one pill per packet can reduce it’s effectiveness and also taking anti-biotics, or being ill can also undermine the way the pill works. Condoms can tear or be forgotten, and emergency contraceptives like the ‘morning after’ pill are underprescribed and not readily available. Would it surprise you that over 50% of women getting an abortion in Britain used some form of contraception when they got pregnant? This obviously shows that women are having huge problems with using contraception, and something needs to be done about it now. Starting by educating women more on the pill and the way it works, the after effects of abortion, and the risks of having an abortion. We don’t want abortion to become the easy way out though. People just need to know more about it and have to satisfy specific criteria before having the pregnancy terminated, for instance by interviews with doctor’s, given unbiased advice, and consultations with peop... ...at Justice Menhennit ruled that abortion was legal in Australia, to protect the life or health of the woman. This has made abortion available to all who need it, and women can go to Family Planning Centres all over Australia and receive the advice and support that they need. So far about 20,000 Victorian women have an abortion in a year, but that doesn’t compare to the statistics in Britain where 1 in every 4 women will have an abortion at some stage. Lets just keep abortion as the very last option and not travel down the path in which Britain and the USA are heading. We don’t want babies getting thrown out in bins like vegetable waste now do we Works Cited: 1) â€Å"Doctor quits, cites anti-abortion threats† http://www.washingtonpost.com/cgi-bin/gx.cgi/AppLogic 2) â€Å"Half UK Women seeking abortion used contraception† http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/999013/sc/health_contraception_2.html 3) Abortion Information http://www.medico.abort.jk24/ss_health.com 4) â€Å"Scotland Church Chided on Abortion† http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/ap/19991011/wl/scotland_pregnancy_4.html 5) Abortion at Family Planning Centres 171 Berkeley Street, Carlton, 3053 Melbourne, Australia